Most Noticeable Literature Essay Introduction

Most Noticeable Literature Essay Introduction What Does Literature Essay Introduction Mean? Like, for example, your literature essay is going to have an introduction, a body and conclusion. In the event the topic selection gets difficult, you may create a literature essay topic list that will aid in settling on the most appropriate topic to tackle. It's possible to let them understand what your topic is, why it's vital, and the way you intend to proceed with your discussion. Literature essay topics allow you to narrow back on a sure idea or detail, it's important to pick the essay topics you're interested in. You might think that you've got to compose your introduction first, but this isn't necessarily true, and it isn't always the best way to craft a great introduction. First, the introduction should include an issue or question. Writing an effective introduction can be difficult. Possessing a well-written introduction is essential to a thriving essay. You should synthesise several of your reviewed readings into each paragraph, so that there's an obvious connection between the several sources. A standard method of the way to compose a literature essay body is by using three or more paragraphs. After grasping the meaning of what's a literary analysis essay, you must read the bit of literature in question many times. For instance, if you're writing an essay on How Global Warming can be decreased, it's going to be a fantastic idea which you take a minute to define what global warming is about in your introductory paragraph. The very first thing about literature essay is that it's written on a literature piece offered to you by your teachers or on something which you should choose yourself. Always keep in mind that the author didn't compose the story beside you in mind. He is dead in the sense that he does not determine the meaning of the text. How he uses the antagonist in the story is very important. An analysis is just possible when you've got a clear grasp of the story. As the primary goal in developing a literary analysis essay is to convince you potential readers which you have supported the idea you're developing. Creation of a great literary essay looks sophisticated and time-consuming. Keep in mind, you're analyzing a crucial element of the literature. Our English literature essay writing service may be true lifesaver for students fighting to find each of their assignments done in time. To earn student life bearable and easier, you require an agency that may supply you with a reliable literary essay example to lead you on what is expected in addition to provide a high-quality paper for you in case you need one. It's essential for students to find out more about the topic before writing. You have to use language that measures up to the course that you're pursuing in addition to your education level. Yes, there's a person who can assist you with your essays expert essay writers at MyPerfectWords. You have not just to compose an essay except to read an original literary piece repeatedly, analyze it, research, make notes and so forth. Imagine the attribute of writing you'll receive from an affordable essay writing service. Nowadays you've learned hot to compose a great literary analysis essay but if you need assistance with it, you always have the option to ask professional writers about it. Whatever They Told You About Literature Essay Introduction Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why When you plan your essay and jot down the points you're likely to go over in your draft, you are going to have lot of points to discuss . You may discover that you don't know precisely what you're likely to argue at the start of the writing process. The original idea of writing the thesis is to give the reader with a summary that's general and at the identical time engaging. Some men and women discover that they will need to compose some sort of introduction as a way to find the writing process started. The Most Popular Literature Essay Introduction Exactly the way that it's written or what ought to be in there heavily is dependent upon the amount of the essay and type. You are unable to contradict the portions of the literature piece. Note the way that it's accomplished in a sample literary analysis essay provided at our website. When you are aware of how to compose an impressive literary analysis essay, you can express your ideas and make an analysis of any bit of literature which you've read.

The Department Of Children And Families - 1210 Words

The Department of Children and Families (DCF) is a strength-based agency that works with several different types of families and situations. The department works diligently to ensure that children are protected from neglect and/or abuse. As an intern at the Cape and island’s office, a majority of our cases involve substance use issues. When parents are using substances, this is a form of neglect as well as abuse depending on the scenario. One particular case of mine came to the attention of the department when a mother overdosed on Percocet’s and heroin with her child present. The child was 3 months old, alleging neglect from the mother. The department also charged father with alleging neglect as well since father denied mother having an†¦show more content†¦Mother needs to gain an understanding of how substance use affects her ability to parent. Father needs to support mother’s recovery, as well as cooperate with the department. The family’s stre ngths are their support system and ability to work diligently as a family. Mother has a natural nurturing trait to her baby and the parents have a strong bond tied to their daughter. Parents and foster parent (grandmother) have worked very well with the department. Grandmother has maintained excellent boundaries and has reported to us weekly on how well visits have been. Parents have been very cooperative and both parents receive two drug screens weekly. The department asked that father received weekly drug screens as well, even though father has no drug issue to our knowledge he still cooperated with the department. The department’s intervention plan was to remove the child from the home and place her in a safer environment. My client’s response to this intervention at first was very angry and resentful towards the department. Father especially angry with the department and did not understand why he couldn’t keep his daughter since mother had the drug issue. I realized how difficult it would be to build rapport with them after removing their child. I ensured them that I was there to help; I was very empathic and showed them that I cared about their case. I worked with the parents and helped them to

John B. Watson s Theory Of Psychology - 1048 Words

John B. Watson was a great American psychologist whose theories, publications, and experiments had an enduring influence on psychology. Possibly his biggest contributions to psychology were his theory of behaviorism and his experiment on Little Albert. Though Watson’s experiments were extremely unethical and behaviorism doesn’t account for biological psychology, Watson was an extremely remarkable psychologist because of his principal of behaviorism and his findings on classical conditioning. Background John Broadus Watson was born on January 8, 1878 in Travelers Rest, South Carolina. Watson’s family was heavily religious, however, he grew up to be openly against religion (Good Therapy). He was a very troubled young adult, who ran into trouble with law enforcement multiple times, and also did poorly academically (Good Therapy). He went to Furman University in South Carolina, and turned his academic life around (Good Therapy). By the age of 21, he graduated with a masters degree (Good Therapy). He then enrolled in a graduate program at the University of Chicago, and after presenting his thesis continued after graduating as a professor (Good Therapy). He then accepted a professor position at Johns Hopkins University, where he was later fired due to an affair with one of his students, Rosalie Rayner (Good Therapy). Despite this, he served as the president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1915 and was honored by the APA with a gold medal shortly before his death Show MoreRelatedJohn B. Watson s Theory Of Psychology1266 Words   |  6 PagesJohn B. Watson Psychologists have been focused on observing and understanding human behavior for centuries, dating back to the Greek philosophers when psychology and philosophy were considered one.Today, Psychology is the study of human behavior, beginning before birth and lasting until death. It is clear that the observance human behavior is a vast and profound source of data for psychologists. Early philosophers relied on methods of observation and logic. A physiologist named Wilhelm Wundt inRead MoreBehaviorism And Classical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesBehaviorism is one of many theories in the field of psychology. It can be applied in different learning scenarios for different research purposes. Biographical information will be provided about the founders of the theory who are John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. However, the information will focus more on their early education and known achievements. Furthermore, you will find different theories rega rding behaviorism such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In order to understandRead MoreThe Psychology Theory Of Psychology Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesWhen we think about psychology, it is normally thought about the study of the brain, the conscious and unconscious mind. However, there are many different divisions within the psychology field that focus on specific areas that introduce different theories. One of the divisions is the theory of Behaviorism. This theory was developed by John B. Watson and B.F Skinner. The theory implies that environmental stimulus can affect someone’s behavior. This behavioral psychology focuses on how a humans orRead MoreJohn Broadus Watson : An Experimental Study On The Psychical Development Of The White Rat1622 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Broadus Watson, the father of Behaviorism, was born in South Carolina on January 9, 1878 to Emma and Pickens Watson. John grew up in a mixed up household, his father was a known drinker while his mother was a devout Christian. Although he took after his father and got himself into some trouble growing up, he managed to gain admission to Furman College at age sixteen. Upon graduation from Furman, one of John’s professors turned mentor Gordon Moore helped him make the next step, and the followingRead MoreThe John B Watson s Life860 Words   |  4 Pages` John B Watson In 1878 John B Watson was born to Emma and Pickens Watson. A poor family in Greenville, South Carolina, his mother was very religious. John s father, with whom he was closer, did not follow the same rules of living as his mother. He drank, had extra-marital affairs, and left in 1891. Eventually John married Mary Ikes whom he met at the University of Chicago. Together they had two children, Mary and John. And, like his father, had affairs with a number of women. John and Mary finallyRead MorePerspectives Paper1467 Words   |  6 PagesBehaviorists and cognitive psychologists have debated for many years. It is from these two schools of thought that dueling informational ideas have been born. Originally, behaviorism was the leading school of thought being led by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner. Later new ideas regarding the mind became more prominent. Edward C. Tolman was one of the more prominent figures of this field. Behaviorists looked for more evidence of behavior and rejected any ideas about the mind. An idea that was highlyRead MoreWatson, Skinner and Tolman Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the 20th century, the science of psychology developed a role that identified it as an essential of life. John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Edward Tolman are a vital part of that journey transcending from the 19th century to what is now known as â€Å"modern day psychology† in 2012. In this succinct writing the contributions of each man will be revealed and deliberation to define their difference shall be incorporated herein. Although, each psychologist has commonalities in their perspectivesRead MoreFather Of Behaviorism : Broadus Watson935 Words   |  4 Pagesof Behaviorism: Broadus Watson During the late 19th century and early 20th century, psychology was defined as the study of the human mind had an emphasis on introspection (Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 2015). After this period of time, psychologists began to criticize the validity of introspection as a method of study (McLeod, 2008). This doubt sparked new ideals and lead the field of psychology to be revolutionized. This new revolution was lead by John Broadus Watson, who is often thought ofRead MoreJohn Watson Vs. Carl Rogers770 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Watson Vs. Carl Rogers An Exploration in the History of Psychology Bradley (Afton) Hill Davidson County Community College Introduction Throughout the span of history, psychology has always existed. Humans have always pondered why we think, act, and see the world as we do. Most information we have on the very foundations of psychology come from philosophers and physicists such as Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, and Gustav Fechner. Today I’ll be comparing two very different psychologists: JohnRead MorePsychology : The Influential Bunch1184 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity International PSY101 – Introduction to Psychology Module 1- Case Assignment October 18th, 2015 Dr. Wajama, Aslami The Influential Bunch Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the behavior and mental process of individuals. In psychology there are many different perspectives that are employed. In this paper, this student will identify a few influential psychologists that paved the road for modern psychology. John B. Watson was a pioneering figure in the development of the

My Year Old Pre Schooler - 1221 Words

â€Å"Mommy, look at me hopping on one leg!† When your 4-year-old pre-schooler proudly shows you her latest achievement, you smile indulgently at her. This is not the only thing that she has learned recently; there are a large number of developments and changes to look forward to as your child turns 4. Developmental milestones ï‚ § She is more independent and self-confident, or will be in the coming months. ï‚ § She is content to play with her toys for longer periods of time and can entertain herself. ï‚ § She can also feed herself without supervision through most of her meals. ï‚ § She is starting to speak clearly using more complex sentences than before. ï‚ § She can count up to 10 objects and may recognize numbers up to 20. ï‚ § She recognizes at least three shapes and four-five colors. ï‚ § Your 4-year-old understands the concept of time to a greater extent than she did a year ago. She understands that tomorrow will come after tonight, that it will be dark at night and that night will follow evening and so on. ï‚ § She makes judgments based on quantity, appearance, or volume. So be ready to have a verbal fight on your hands if she thinks you have served her less of her favorite food than you did her sibling/cousin/friend. ï‚ § She recognizes her name, and considers it special. She may have memorized the letters that make up her name. She might even develop a proprietary attitude towards the first letter of her name. You can help her to practice writing the letters of her name. ï‚ § She has a longerShow MoreRelatedNeeds Of Child And Parents Essay923 Words   |  4 Pagespostal code, L6S. This family has a thirty-year-old father who works long hours therefore needs something accommodating if the mother is unavailable to pick up the children. The mother who is a secondary school teacher runs music program after-school three days a week, therefore she needs somewhere that will provide longer hours. The twelve-month-old daughter is an active and alert infant that needs some social contact with other infants. The 3-year-old son has some trouble seeing clearly thereforeRead MoreThe Elementary School At The Age Of Five1367 Words   |  6 PagesA typical seven-year old child provided they started Kindergarten at the age of five, would probably be in the second grade. The grade-level a lot of times depends on the birthday month of the child and the month cutoff determined by the county, for example in order for a child to be enrolled in Kindergarten in Gaston c ounty, he must be five years old on or before August 31st of that school year (Kindergarten and Pre-Kindergarten Registration). The child’s family situations and history will varyRead MorePersuasive Essay Dropout1189 Words   |  5 Pagesevery year. That means that 7,000 teenagers are dropping their high school education every day. I believe that this is partially because the dropout age is currently sixteen years old in the majority of states. This alarming number would only grow if the legal dropout age dropped down to fourteen years old, which is what many are speculating could happen sometime over the next few years. I think that we could and should avoid this problem altogether by keeping the dropout age at sixteen years old,Read MoreLetter : Principles And Strength959 Words   |  4 Pagesa strength of character that contributes to life fulfillment and satisfaction. It implies awareness and thankfulness. Gratitude can be built by focusing on positive aspects. Here is an example: Universe, I am grateful that I have time to play with my pets. Try this exercise: Think of something you are grateful for in your life and express your gratitude. Reliable and validated exercises can build your gratitude, such as journaling and writing structured gratitude letters. Studies show a directlyRead MoreWhen Life Gave Me Lemons892 Words   |  4 PagesAt six months old I was diagnosed with cancer which left about two-and-a-half feet of working vision in my stronger left eye. Beyond that, faces and places could be mistaken, but I had words, images, voices and imagination to help. Anatomy and biology became my favorite subjects and I enjoyed reading stories beyond my grade level partly because these were subjects I could access at close range. With some early help from tools such as hearing devices, I established a familiarity with my settings fromRead MoreChild Observation: 3 1/2 Year Old PreSchooler Essay982 Words   |  4 Pages12 weeks I observed a young pre-schooler Child C aged 31/2 years old, through my account I would give an observer’s view of Child C, three theories peculiar to Child C and my the emotions evoked in me as an observer. My observation assisted in my understanding of the changes in Child C as the week progressed over the 12 weeks. My first few visits at the nursery Child C appeared boisterous and obnoxious. This led me to assume Child C was the class bully, I shared my finding with the class and theRead MoreTask 6 Childminding Charter Essay1328 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation with other settings e.g. preschool/nursery. ï‚› I will send out a parent questionnaire every 3 months ï‚› Where possible I will include parents in planning activities. ï‚› Always allowing the children’s parents to access any records held on my records. ï‚› Parents are requested to keep me informed of any circumstances that may affect their children emotionally e.g. bereavement, separation or illness in the family. ï‚› Parents are asked to keep me informed of any changes to personal circumstancesRead MorePro Social Skills Helps Them Get Along With Others3493 Words   |  14 Pagesbenefit others. According to Zahn-Waxler, Robinson, and Emde; by age 4, many children can react empathically to others, including offering help to those in distress. For example, if a saliva is coming out from the mouth of special-need child then the pre-schooler will go and wipe his face by using the paper towel in his stroller/wheelchair. It shows that he would have observe the teacher doing the action and when she didn’t notice the child, preschooler step forward to help him. It also determines thatRead MoreChildren Should Be Not Taught Sex Education974 Words   |  4 Pageslot of harm. However, the real question is not doing it but from whom is the adolescent hearing it from. It’s been common in the United States since the 1980’s for almost every school to offer some form of Sex educatio n. Even as early as Elementary years. The real debate on the issue is whether or not the school system is doing it properly or even whether or not it’s their job at all. Sex education was not always such a common thing. Adults were concerned that it actually encouraged children toRead MoreOctober Sky Essay1302 Words   |  6 Pages While most of his peers in Coalwood, W.Va., in the late 1950s were enjoying their last years of sunlight before starting work in the mine that was the towns only industry and while most of the girls were enjoying their last few years of not being a miners wife, Hickam was building rockets. Not bottle rockets, either, but the real things. As a young high-schooler in 1957, Hickam was fascinated by the early stages of the cold-war space race. Sputnik had just been launched

Eating Disorders An Eating Disorder - 1184 Words

0.9 percent of women and 0.3 percent of U.S men develop anorexia, while 1.5 percent of women and 0.5 percent of men develop bulimia during their lifetime. According to Weir (2016), serious conflicts with one’s diet caused by any illnesses is known as an eating disorder. Weir (2016) goes on to explain the origins behind eating disorders in individuals. This topic is important because, in the United States, many women and men suffer from a clinically significant eating disorder at some point in their life. It is important to know the influences that cause an individual to experience an eating disorder. Genetically, or environmentally, or both genetically and environmentally. Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder are†¦show more content†¦Since ancient times, the nature vs. nurture issues has been a huge debate. Even to this day, psychology still debates over the nature vs. nurture issue. The Greek philosopher, Plato, supposed that individuals inher it character and intelligence and that certain ideas are natural. Aristotle opposed that there is nothing in the mind that does not first come through the senses. Charles Darwin theory of natural selection added to the nature side of the debate that nature plays a role in what is already embodied in us. (Myers, 2014, p. 5-6) The nature vs. nurture issue relates to the theme of this article because nature and nurture both play a role in an individual developing an eating disorder. The nature side of the eating disorder is an individual can inherit an eating disorder from a parent, or grandparent. Whether it’s the same eating disorder or not, an individual can develop one of the eating disorders if an older relative had one. The nurture side of the eating disorder is society’s idea of a perfect body. Their idea of a perfect body is skinny and that makes young women and men feel insecure about their body and they soon develop an eating disorder. In addition to the environment being an influence on individuals developing an eating disorder, eating disorders also have biological causes. According to Weir (2016), an important feature of the disorders is the faulty reward processing system. The process guides the eating behaviors. TheShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders : Eating Disorder1205 Words   |  5 PagesEating Disorders in Today’s World Eating disorders are alive and well in today’s world and they are a major problem. An eating disorder can look like a few different things, ranging from a severe reduction of food intake to over eating to feelings of negativity towards your body shape or weight (Lehigh University). While some disorders can only be found in specific age groups, races, etc., eating disorders can be found amongst all and it does not necessarily have to be pointed towards food (LehighRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1573 Words   |  7 Pagesaffects people called an â€Å"eating disorder.† Why did you choose this topic? I chose this topic because it is a very prevalent issue in our society today, and a close friend of mine is suffering from an eating disorder. What question(s) did you want to answer or what was your hypothesis regarding this topic? As mammals, there is no chance of escaping the need to consume food in everyday life. However, when it comes to food there can be a major concern of eating too much or eating too little. Doing eitherRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1104 Words   |  5 PagesEating disorder is a serious problem happens in both men and women. Eating disorder is a sort of disease in which a person is having a strange routine of eating like consuming a huge amount of food each time they eat. This can incorporate not eating enough nourishment or indulging. Eating disorder influence many people around the world. The larger part of peoples who are dealing with this issue are ladies. A person with eating disorder issue may focus nonsensically on their weight and shape. EatingRead MoreEating Disorders : An Eating Disorder1906 Words   |  8 Pagesobtain their body goal, thus causing an eating disorder. An eating disorder is a psychological condition that is characterized by abnormal or disturbe d eating habits. There are three types of eating disorders; which are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating.These disorders affect all aspects of a person’s life, including their psychological, emotional, and physical health. There are many factors that contribute to individuals developing eating disorders including: genetics, family pressuresRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1410 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"An eating disorder is about anxiety and control and healing from trauma and food and weight are just the tools of destruction† (Floyd, Mimms, Yelding, 2008). An eating disorder is defined as a severe disturbance in eating behavior. An eating disorder, as defined by our text book for class, is psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications. The three most common and most easily identifiable forms of eating disorders include anorexia nervosaRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder 966 Words   |  4 PagesEating Disorders Many people, both women and men of all ages, suffer from the psychological disorder, eating. Up to thirty million people in the world suffer from some kind of an eating disorder. There a two types of eating disorders, anorexia and bulimia, and have several methods of treatment. What is an eating disorder, and what do they cause? Eating disorders are maladaptive and very serious interruptions in eating. They can come in the form of overeating, or not eating enough, they are oftenRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder2461 Words   |  10 PagesEating Disorders Even though eating disorders are less prevalent in society today than they have been in the past, they are still one of the most diagnosed mental illnesses today. These three illnesses have short term as well as long term effects that can leave a damaging toll on the patients’ lives and are very hard to overcome. This is shown through not only the characteristics of Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-eating Disease, but also through the psychological and physical harm theseRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1496 Words   |  6 PagesAn eating disorder is an illness that causes serious disturbances to your everyday diet, such as eating extremely small amounts of food or severely overeating. A person with an eating disorder may have started out just eating smaller or larger amount of food, but as some point, the urge to eat less or more has gotten out of control. Severe distress or concern about body weight or shape may also signal an eating disorder. Common eat ing disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and a binge-eatingRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder1031 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The eating disorder is a very jealous and abusive partner. It requires a lot of devotion in the extent that you have to devote yourself to tending to the anorexia. There s not a lot of time left over for adult life,† was stated by Dr. Doug Bunnell, a specialist in eating disorders. Eating disorders effect a variety of people. Age, race, and gender aren’t role playing keys in eating disorders. Not everyone gets an eating disorder, but if they do then, it will more than likely destroy their livesRead MoreEating Disorders : An Eating Disorder Essay771 Words   |  4 Pagesabout you. Benji I suspect you have an eating disorder.in particular, anorexia. An eating disorder is a psychological disorder that interferes with peoples eating habits. Eating disorders falls under the avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder category. Eating disorders are more prevalent in women than in men. Over 10 million women and 10 million men suffer from an eating disorder. But, Anorexia Nervosa is more common among Caucasians. Eating disorders impacts women everyday by inaccurately depicting

Phineas Gage free essay sample

Since, Phinaes life the research has been able to uncover the many miracles on how his life changed on that fatal day which changed his life forever. Phineas Gage The forebrain plays a significant part in cognitive functions. It is also the anterior and largest portion of the brain. The forebrain includes the central hemispheres, that includes the limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus and the callosum. Each of the hemispheres are divided into four lobes. Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal are the four lobes. The forebrain controls cognitive functioning.The cognitive functions are: sensory and motor function, temperature regulating, reproductive, eating, sleeping, and displays emotions. In 1848 an unforeseen accident happen when Phineas Gage was preparing an explosive hole that required the use of a tamping iron. The tamper iron hit the rock causing a spark to ignited the explosive power and sent the tamper iron though the cheek bone on the left side and exited through the top of the head and into the air landing 30 feet away. We will write a custom essay sample on Phineas Gage or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page How might this affect his cognitive functioning? Phineas GagePhineas Gage would not know till months and years later what damage was done to his brain and how it would affect his cognitive functioning. John Martin Harlow was the attending physician that cleaned Gages wounds by removing small bone fragments and replaced the large fragments of the skull that remained but where displaced. He covered the wound by placing straps on Gages head and a wet compress on the opening. The wound was left open to drain. A few days later Gages brain became infected and Maslow drained pus from the abscess under the scalp. Haslow, described the iron as entering the cranium, passing through the anterior left lob of the cerebrum, and exited in the medial line, at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures, lacerating the longitudinal sinus, fracturing the parietal and frontal bones extensively, breaking up portions of the brain, and protruding the globe of the left eye from its socket (Scienceblogs. com,MO,2007). By January 1849 everyone could see a change in Phineas behavior. Friends where stating that he was not the Phineas that they had known in the past.His injury had changed him to be irreverent, indulging at times in gross profanity, impatient, would not except advise, could not follow through on plans. With this happening he could not have his job back on the railroad construction crew. Cognitive changes in Phineas Gage With the injury Gage had with the iron precising and going through the brain there had to be some cognitive change in the areas that Haslow described. These areas of the brain that would be affected would be the cerebral cortex lobes that are the frontal lobe that is involved with decision-making, problem solving, and planning.The parietal lobe that receives and processes sensory information and the temporal lobe that is involved with emotional responses, memory, and speech. Also effected would parts of the limbic system structure to include the amygdala which involves emotional responses and memory, along with the substantia nigra that helps to control voluntary movement and regulates mood(brianexplorer. org/forebrain). Conclusion The study of the human brain has come so far since the accident that happen at the railroad site in 1848 with Phineas Gage.Studies have shown how the different parts of the brain is divided and how each part works in different ways as far as cognitive functioning. Parts of the cerebral cortex lobes: controls vision, color, emotions, memory and speech. While parts of the limbic system is also involved with emotional responses sensory input concerning emotions, and memory. the part of the brain that was damaged also produced epilepsy where there was an abnormal bust of electrical signals that interrupts the normal electrical brain functions.

Comparative Financial Report on Vodafone Plc †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Comparative Financial Report on Vodafone Plc. Answer: Introduction This report covers a comparison of telecom companies Vodafone Plc, BT Group and Telecom Plus Plc. Financial comparative analysis has been conducted by analysing the share price behaviour, financial structure and cost of capital. Share price behaviour has been analysed by expected monthly returns, standard deviation, correlation with the index and forming portfolio combinations with FTSE 100 index. Systematic risk has been assessed by the help of beta and valuations have analysed by the calculating price to earnings ratio. Debt to equity ratio has been evaluated to analyse capital structure and CAPM has been used to find out cost of equity. In the end there is a view given on the expected future performances of the three stocks and advice for current shareholders to buy or sell stocks. Comparison of Companies The comparison of Vodafone Plc with BT Group Plc and Telecom Plus Plc has been performed on the basis of various parameters. For the purpose of comparison, monthly share price data for the period of March 2013 to Feb 2018 and financial data from last five annual reports of the companies have been taken. Analysis of Share Price Behaviour Share price of behaviour has been evaluated on the basis of various statistical measures such as mean, standard deviation and correlation. Expected Monthly Returns This measure tells us about the average holding period return of a stock for a month. This can be used to get an idea about how much an investor can expect to earn from a stock by holding it for a month. In terms of expected monthly returns Telecom Plus Plc has outperformed other two companies Expected monthly return of Vodafone Plc is 0.70%. On the other hand average monthly returns for BT Group Plc and Telecom Plus Plc are 0.19% and 1.11% respectively (Appendix 1). An investor of Vodafone Plc has not been rewarded in a same manner as that of Telecom Plus but is more satisfied than the one of BT Group Plc. Expected monthly return of a stock cannot be the only criteria for stock price analysis. This parameter has to be analysed in conjunction with other measures. Standard Deviation of Monthly Returns This statistical measure is used to analyse the risk associated with an investment. High returns always come at a cost. Returns of an investment must be evaluated along with the risk associated with it. Standard deviation of a parameter is equal to square root of variance. Variance is calculated by sum of squares of differences of returns from expected return. Standard deviation of monthly return can be used evaluate risk of the holding a stock for a month (Mullholand Jones, 2014). Out of three stocks, Telecom Plus Plc is most risky in terms of standard deviation of monthly returns, while BT Group Plc is least risky among the three. High risk associated Telecom Plus Plc has been rewarded by high average return. Standard deviation of monthly returns Vodafone Plc is 0.0591, while that of Telecom Plus Plc and BT Group are 0.0944 and 0.0572 respectively (Appendix 1). High risk investments may not always fetch high returns. During periods when fundamentals of a company or macroeconomic v ariables are not favourable, there is a high risk of holding a stock. In these conditions, high risk may result in low returns due to selling pressure in the market. For analysing risk and return together, it is better that return per unit risk is analysed. This will help in identifying whether additional risk has rewarded by equivalent amount of returns. This is done to by dividing expected monthly return by standard deviation. For Vodafone Plc, this measure comes out to be 0.1188 (Appendix 1). On the other hand, it is 0.0340 for BT Group Plc and 0.1174 for Telecom Plus Plc (Appendix 1). So considering risk and return together, Vodafone has been rewarded in a better way than other stocks. BT Group has performed the worst among the three. Correlation Correlation as a measure is used to analyse interrelationship between two financial instruments. Positive correlation is seen when two securities move in same direction, up or down. Negative correlation is associated with opposite movements of securities under consideration. Correlation measure can be used for diversification of a portfolio. Low correlation or negative correlation between the securities can be used to reduce the risk of a portfolio. In this report, correlation of three stocks has been calculated with respect FTSE 100 index. FTSE 100 index has been chosen as a substitute for the market. Telecom Plus Plc shows a positive correlation with index, while the Vodafone Plc and BT Group Plc show negative correlations. This shows that monthly stock price movement and returns of Telecom Plus Plc have been mostly in same direction as FTSE 100 index, while majority of movements of other two companies have been in opposite direction to the index. Correlation of Vodafone Plc with the index comes out to be - 0.2775, while it is -0.3843 and 0.0295 for BT Group Plc and Telecom Plus Plc (Appendix 1). All three stocks have low or negative correlation with index. Therefore, they can be individually combined in different proportions with the index to create a diversified portfolio. Portfolios with FTSE 100 Index Different securities can be combined in varying proportions to create portfolios. A stock can also be combined with an index. In this report, all three stocks under consideration have been combined individually with FTSE 100 Index for creating portfolios with different returns and risks. All these portfolios can be plotted on graph with standard deviation and return representing two axes. In this report, after combining Vodafone Plc, BT Group Plc and Telecom Plus individually with the index in different proportions, scatter plots have been constructed. For this purpose portfolio weight of each of the stock has been varied from 0% to 100% at differences of 1%. By doing this total 101 portfolios of have been created for each of the stock with the index. After plotting the graph, a minimum variance portfolio can be found out using solver function in excel. A minimum variance portfolio represents a portfolio, with weights of individual securities combined in such a way that it gives minimum variance out of all the portfolios. As it can be seen minimum variance portfolio of BT Group has the minimum standard deviation out of the three portfolios. On the other hand, return of minimum variance portfolio formed by combining Vodafone Plc with the index is the highest among three minimum variance portfolios for each of the stocks. All those portfolios which lie above the minimum variance portfolio compensate investor with additional return for given increase in the risk taken. These portfolios represent the efficient frontier. For 101 portfolios created for each of the stock with index, Vodafone Plc has 75 of them above the minimum variance portfolio, while Telecom Plus Plc and BT Group Plc have 92 and 28 portfolios. In this way we can say, Telecom Plus Plc can be combined in most number of effective ways with the index. Financial Structure and Cost of Capital Financial structure and cost of capital of a firm are important factors for determination of its performance. They can have a significant effect on earnings and margins of an organization. Cost of capital is a major consideration for both equity and debt holders. Systematic Risk Systematic risk represents market risk of a security and cannot be diversified away. Generally, macro-economic factors such as interest rates, currency movements and depression are the cause of systematic risk and it affects the entire market. Systematic risk of a stock with respect to market can be measured by a parameter called Beta (Lee Lee, 2010). Beta of 1 implies that price of security will move with the market. In this report, Beta has been calculated for all three stocks and FTSE 100 index has been chosen as benchmark index. Beta of Vodafone Plc with the market is -0.5535 (Appendix 1). On the other hand, beta of Telecom Plus and BT Group are 0.0939 and -0.7424 respectively (Appendix 1). Though negative betas are rare, but they help in reducing the overall risk of portfolio. So, it can be interpreted that movement of Vodafone Plc and BT Group Plc have been generally in opposite direction to FTSE 100 index. Though Telecom Plus has positive beta, but has less volatility than the market. BT Group is more volatile than Vodafone Plc in negative direction. Cost of Equity Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is the most common method for calculating the cost of equity. The return that an investor requires for owing a stock represents its cost of equity. CAPM makes use of risk free rate, market return and beta of stock for calculating cost of equity. Monthly Cost of Equity BT Group UK 10 year Gilt annual rate(Risk free rate) 1.51% Monthly rate risk free rate 0.125% Expected Monthly Return of FTSE 100 (Market) 0.32% Beta of BT Group Plc -0.7424 Monthly Cost of Equity -0.017% According to CAPM, monthly cost of equity of Vodafone Plc is 0.019%, while that of BT Group Plc and Telecom Plus Plc are -0.017% and 0.143%. Telecom Plus Plcs investors require higher amount of return than other two due to higher beta. On the other hand negative cost of equity of BT Group signifies negative returns and depleting asset value. So this implies the stock should not be worth investing. On the other hand, low cost of equity as a discounting factor for Vodafone as compared to Telecom Plus Plc will result in its higher valuation. Price to Earnings Ratio (PE) This measure is arrived by dividing market price of a share by its earnings per share. It can be used to compare valuation of a stock with peer companies, its own historical average or market valuation. In this report, price to earnings ratios of three companies have been calculated for years 2013 to 2017. Vodafones PE has been fluctuating, due large variations in EPS. In 2017 PE was 707.86 , while in 2015 it was 901.94 (Appendix 3). High PE represents a high valuation. High PE may mean overvaluation or investors have already discounted the rise in price. High PE of 2015 and negative EPS of 2016 led to fall in price, resulted in low PE in 2017. According to (Yahoo finance, 2018) current forward PE is 2011.50, which represents high valuation and risk in investment over 2017. BT Groups PE was 1506.66 in 2017 and earnings were also low as compared to previous years that resulted in investment risk (Appendix 4), so price stock continuous fell after that. Increase in PE from 2013 to 2014 of Telecom Plus Plc led to fall in price of the stock next year as earnings remained stable. In 2017, Telecom Pluss earnings per share increased considerably, resulting in low PE and low valuations. But majority of EPS of 2017 was because of discontinued operations, which may not result in low risk of investment. As a result share price did not increase considerably over the next year. Capital Structure Capital Structure of company can be analysed by evaluating combination of debt and equity sources of finances. It can also be analysed by assessing working capital or liquidity parameters. In this report we have calculated debt to equity ratio and current ratio of all three companies over last five years. Debt to equity ratio has been calculated by dividing sum of long term borrowings and payables by equity. Debt to equity ratio of Vodafone Plc is 0.49187 and has increased from previous years. On the other hand BT Group Plc has been maintaining a high debt to equity ratio since 2015 as compared to previous years. It was 10.8849 in 2015, 0.60858 in 2016 and 1.36521 in 2017 (Appendix 5). High debt to equity ratio results in high interest expense, high risk and reduced valuation. Telecom Plus has had very low or zero debt to equity ratios over years. With zero long term debt in 2017, that resulted in all earnings being transferred to equity holders, less risk and less leverage but no ta x shield. Cost capital is also high for less debt companies because of equity is costlier than debt. But less debt more often than not results in good market valuations. Vodafone Plcs cost of capital will be balanced by the presence equity and debt. Debt helps in reducing the cost of capital and right amount of equity ratio helps in minimizing risk. This is a positive signal for investors. As far as liquidity conditions are concerned Telecom Plus Plc has had the best current ratios over the years as compared to others. Conclusion This report presents a comparison of Vodafone Plc with BT Group Plc and Telecom Plus Plc on the basis of financial performance. For the purpose of comparison, share price behaviour, systematic risk and capital structure have been evaluated. Stock of Vodafone Plc has given better returns than the stock of BT Group Plc, but it has underperformed the Telecom Plus Plc in average monthly returns. Analysis on the basis of returns per unit risk, Vodafone has also performed better as compared to others. Underperformance in 2016 was one-off and earnings have rebounded. Vodafone with massive operations across the world and has now more than 100 million 4G customers. Vodafone is also set to become the largest operator in second largest market of world India by merger with Idea cellular. There has been 61% growth in data traffic in Europe and AMAP region (Africa, Middle East and Asia-Pacific). Data traffic in India has also increased 5 five times. Future performance of the company looks positive for present and prospective shareholders (Vodafone, 2018). On the other hand there are corporate governance issues with BT group regarding a recent fraud in Italian unit. Telecom Plus Plc has also performed well and financial performance in future looks good. However it has a smaller market share as compared to Vodafone. Vodafone is clearly ahead of Telecom Plus in terms of scale of operations and pricing power. Despite current high valuations, it is concluded that current shareholders may buy few more shares of Vodafone Plc because of bright future prospects. High valuations may represent market may be already factoring increased earnings. They should not invest in other two companies. References Lee, J. Lee C. F. (2010) Handbook of quantitative finance and risk management. New York: Springer Science Business Media. Mullholand, H. Jones, C. R. ( 2014) Fundamentals of statistics. London: Butterworth-Heinemann. Vodafone (2018) Trading update for the quarter ended 31 December 2017 [online]. Available from https://www.vodafone.com/content/dam/vodafone/investors/financial_results_feeds/ims_quarter_31dec2017/Q3-17-18-Trading-Update-FINAL.pdf [Accessed 05 February 2018]. Yahoo finance (2018) Vodafone Group Plc (VOD.L) [online]. Available from https://in.finance.yahoo.com/quote/vod.l?ltr=1 [Accessed 05 February 2018].