Saturday, December 28, 2019

Ethical Issues Of The Health Care Industry - 993 Words

There are many ethical cases going on in the health care industry. There have been doctors who give their patients false diagnosis just to be able and get more profit for themselves. Instead of caring and help treat their patients for the right reasons, they’re giving unnecessary treatments that can cause harm to lives. A 49 year old oncologist in Detroit Michigan named Farid Fata pleaded guilty to a fraud scheme that involved diagnosing patients with cancer when in reality they did not have the disease. Making them get unnecessary chemotherapy. At least 550 patients that he diagnosed didn’t require the treatments that were given. For those who did have cancer he over treated just to be able to charge the insurance and get more money out of them. A couple of Dr. Fata’s patients died due to excessive chemo. There were some situations that he knew that his patient was not going to gain anything from the treatment but still decided to give it. Whenever a patient or family member questioned his actions, he would make it seem like he knew what he was doing and since they didn’t have the same education/knowledge as himself, they deferred to the doctor. One patient in particular hurt his head going in to see Dr. Fata but was not allowed to go to the hospital without finishing up the treatment. That patient later died from head injury due to not taking care of it as fast. Many of the employees knew what Farid was doing but either didn’t get into it due to not losing their job andShow MoreRelatedPrinciples Of An Ethical Culture Within The Healthcare Organization1671 Words   |  7 PagesInteractions. â€Å"The health care executives give the commitment to the health care services about enhancing quality of care and creating a effective health care delivery system.† (Boomer, 1992). The executive- suppliers relationships involves the purchase of goods and services as well as they share the information and important advice. During the supplies, the executive must maintain their confidence to the public and any organization. Thus, the interaction between health care executives and companyRead MoreEthical Question of Gift-giving in the Pharmaceutical Industry1542 Words   |  6 PagesPharmaceuticals industry, between Medical sales consultants and healthcare professionals ethical or unethical? In â€Å"Relationships Between Health Professionals and Industry: Maintaining a Delicate Balance†, published in Australian Prescriber Magazine, Professor of Medicine Paul A Komesaroff describes how to maintain an ethical relationships between health professionals and the sale cons ultants and argues that there are four ways to achieve this relationship: Government regulations, industry regulationsRead MoreChallenges Facing The Health Care Industry1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this research is to explore the top challenges facing the health care industry. These challenges were examined to identify the impact that the patient, their families, and providers are faced with under the new ACA reform. This research briefly analyze the causes of health care cost increased, the shortage of healthcare workforce related to demographic changes of aging population and professional providers responsibilities to practice within the code of ethics. A solution is recommendedRead MoreProfessional Practice Issues Of Health Care Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesProfessional Practice Issues in Health Care - Ethics Introduction Medical ethics play a huge role in the health care industry. A crucial part of a health care professional s role is to apply appropriate ethical guidelines into clinical settings. Due to its importance there is unlimited amount of references available in different forms regarding to this specific topic, however, the quality, reliability and relevance of each reference can remain questioned and requires further consideration. InRead MoreReporting Practices and Ethics Paper1195 Words   |  5 PagesPractices and Ethics Paper In the health care environment financial practices and ethical care finance is very important to produce successfully organizations. In the health care industry and in any business ethical and financial practices are adopted to increase the organization value and consumer confident as well as protected the services or products provide by the organization and maintain the organizations brand name. In the health care industry no patient will want to attend a hospitalRead MoreThe Importance of Accountability1741 Words   |  7 Pagescomponents in the every industry especially health care discipline. Organizations desiring to succeed in whichever industry must always establish structures that encourage employees to be accountable. This study shows that accountability in the healthcare industry is not a matter of choice but something that must be observed at all times. This may act a form of encouraging and motivating employees at the workplace. The importance of accountability in the health care industry The business of healthcareRead MoreLegal and Ethical Parameters of Professional Nursing Practice Essay One879 Words   |  4 PagesLegal and ethical parameters of professional nursing practice essay one Professional nurses encounter a variety of legal ethical and bioethical issues on a daily basis. For this reason, it is essential that all nurses are aware of current state and national legislation, acts and guidelines and the implications of these for nursing practices as well as legal processes, principles of open disclosure and the role of a coroner in the health sector. In this way, nurses can adhere to the overarching guidelinesRead MoreMedicine, Health Care, And Philosophy Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesMedicine, Health Care, and Philosophy is a European scholarly journal focused on topics related to medicine, health care, and philosophy. The genre of this publication is science with a focus in medical discipline. 2. Who publishes this periodical? Is the publisher a commercial or non-profit venture? Springer Publishing is an independent company that focuses on publishing works regarding the health care field. The publisher is a commercial venture. 3. What is the purpose of this publicationRead MoreSocial Care Environment: Ethical Practice Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesWhen working in a social care environment, ethical practice plays a major part in every aspect of your work. This essay will explain what ethical practise is, how it affects the social care industry, and some examples as to how it could play an important role in daily work. Ethical practise is difficult to properly define. â€Å"Caseworkers, supervisors, and other staff should be guided by an overarching set of ethical standards that inform their decision-making and conduct when working with childrenRead MoreEssay on Should Vaccines Be Mandatory?902 Words   |  4 PagesHealth care is complex and ever changing. What makes perfect sense for one individual may bring deep-seated ethical issues for another individual. With the vast amount of possibilities expanding through research, ethical dilemmas develop and complicate the decisions we need to make for ourselves and loved ones. The varied choices regarding cancer vaccines, fraud and euthanasia will be explored. Cancer Vaccines The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer demonstrates a parade of polarizing ethical issues of today

Friday, December 20, 2019

Compare And Contrast John Smith And William Bradford

Compare/Contrast Essay In the early 1580-1590 two Englishman named John Smith and William Bradford establish colonies, but they were two different leaders in that time. They both wrote journals to explain what happens in those months one in first person and the other in third person. â€Å" Such actions have ever since the worlds beginnings and been subject to such accidents, and everything of what is found full of difficulties, and but nothing so difficulties†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. I think what John means that you cant get everything life easily you need to work for it and earn it like you should and everyone does when it comes to hard working. Also, that life has obstacles, but you can overcome them with a positive attitude. â€Å" They were good people†¦show more content†¦His journal was about himself and everyone else, especially about his crew and what happens during those months. He wrote his book in first person, but he never braggart no he was very humble. â€Å" They were good people, in ot her words, Christians they all got along with each other out when they were unhealthy and when it comes to surviving.†(Willam) What he meant that they were religious and they brought women and children to their colonies, not just men. The difference between Jamestown and Plymouth they were opposites from each other, Especially how they care themselves during the difficult times. Jamestown they only care about themselves, no one else besides them they didnt care if they were sick or dying, they just left them alone and did their only thing. But Plymouth was more caring they were good people who want to help a person out if they throw up or were very sick. Some things they had in common were they both wrote journals, but John in 3rd person and William in the first person. Also, both English men had starvation times and good times as well. But the most was probably deaths they had so many people but only half them survives. Finally, they both got attacked by native American because they wanted to protect the land that the white man is trying to take over and native American .had no spare it was more like dangerous. The two men, both wanted something they both wanted to know how the New World is gonnaShow MoreRelatedC omparison Between John Smith and William Bradford737 Words   |  3 PagesEngland by John Smith The author John Smith, a pilgrim who arrived to the Americas, wrote a description of the new land in his book â€Å" A Description of New England †. In this book Smith shows a wonderful world of vast food and pleasure. Also, William Bradford another pilgrim who arrived to Plymouth on the coast of Massachusetts, wrote a book called â€Å" Of Plymouth Plantation † in which he describes what really happened, how the pilgrims actually lived. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrastRead More Analysis of A Description of New England by John Smith Essay646 Words   |  3 PagesEngland by John Smith The author John Smith, a pilgrim who arrived to the Americas, wrote a description of the new land in his book â€Å" A Description of New England †. In this book Smith shows a wonderful world of vast food and pleasure. Also, William Bradford another pilgrim who arrived to Plymouth on the coast of Massachusetts, wrote a book called â€Å" Of Plymouth Plantation † in which he describes what really happened, how the pilgrims actually lived. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrastRead MoreCompare And Contrast Of Smith And Bradford935 Words   |  4 Pages Rust 1 Mrs. Myers September 20, 2016 Compare and Contrast of Smith and Bradford On April 10, 1606, John Smith (an adventurer) explorer and author, and his crew were sent by King James I to start a colony in Jamestown. In December 1606 the company sent out three ships carrying 106 settlers to start the new colony. On May 13, 1607 John Smith named the colony Jamestown in honor of the King. Years later on September 6, 1620 William Bradford (an English Separatist) went to Cape Cod, MassachusettsRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Plymouth And Jamestown1185 Words   |  5 PagesLeaders of Plymouth and Jamestown are both compare because they both came from England, Native Americans aided the newly incorporated groups by supplying them for food, and both empires resulted in the starvation and death. However, in Jamestown, John Smith set a goal to make money and get rich, developed the idea of everyone for themselves, men were the dominant gender, and Smith abandoned the colony and never decided to return. As for Plymouth, William Bradford s’ goal was to have religious freedomRead MoreInterpreting Bias Within Historical Accounts1501 Words   |  7 Pagestreat an author’s bias as an opportunity to uncover â€Å"truths† that can be even more meaningful than the unattainable accurate representation of facts. A primary example of how history can be obscured by writers is the way in which two Englishmen, William Bradford (1590-1657) and Thomas Morton (1579-1647), provide two very different accounts of the same events in Of Plymouth Plantation and in New English Canaan respectively. Both men are affected by the desire to promote their beliefs and to make theirRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 PagesIndians. What specific developments illustrate that the English living in the plantation colonies tried to apply these lessons? (25 pts) 2. Compare and contrast the ways in which tobacco and sugar affected the social and economic development of colonial America (10pts) Chapter 3 Study Guide â€Å"Settling the Northern Colonies† 1. Compare and contrast the motives of the their founders, religious and social orientation, economic pursuits, and political developments of TWO of the early colonialRead MoreRethinking Mercantalism Essay15042 Words   |  61 PagesRethinking Mercantilism: Political Economy, the British Empire, and the Atlantic World in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Author(s): Steve Pincus Reviewed work(s): Source: The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 69, No. 1 (January 2012), pp. 3-34 Published by: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5309/willmaryquar.69.1.0003 . Accessed: 06/09/2012 12:18 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the TermsRead MoreHistory of Management Thought Revision17812 Words   |  72 Pagesthat management is not a science in an academic sense, but Taylor intended to use a scientific fact-finding method to determine a better way): a. Time study -- this was prescriptive in that Taylor sought to identify the time a job should take (contrast this with Charles Babbage who measured only the length of a work cycle). b. Time study was analytical, breaking the job into its components and eliminating useless movements; and constructive, building a file of movements that were common to otherRead MoreDebt vs. Equity and Asymmetric Information: a Review16933 Words   |  68 Pagesequilibrium is generally used in models in which the uninformed agent moves first by offering a menu of incentive compatible choices (contracts) from which the informed self-select, revealing their private information through their choice. As an example, compare the analysis of a signaling equilibrium in Akerlof or Spence (1973) with that of the separating equilibrium in Rothschild and Stiglitz (1976). 3. Leverage signaling with investment fixed 3.1. The Ross model In the Ross (1977) modelRead MoreAre Protectionist Policies Beneficiak to Business? Essay10942 Words   |  44 Pagessuch policies are typically labeled â€Å"protectionism.† A formal deï ¬ nition of protectionism is the â€Å"National economic policies designed to restrict free trade and protect domestic industries from foreign competition† (S. Tamer Cavusgil, Gary Knight, and John R. Riesenberger, International Business. 2008. Pearson, p. 620). Protectionist policies include governmental actions such as tariffs (taxes on imported goods), quotas (limits on the amount of goods that can be imported), subsidies (government support

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Are International Negotiations to Control Global Warming Useful free essay sample

Since 1990 annual global CO2 emissions have more than tripled, much of this being retained in the atmosphere. It is clear to scientists that human-generated CO2 has accelerated global warming. Figuring out the problems is much more dif? cult than coming up with a solution though. There have been long international negotiations and as a result, some countries have reduced their CO2 emissions, but overall they just keep continuing to grow. They’re are also debates on how costly restrictions on CO2 emissions will be. In this debate Elliot Diringer argues that since global warming is a globally generated phenomenon that has global impacts, the solution must involve global negotiations. Stephen Hayward favors abandoning what he sees as fruitless International negotiations and on imposing economically damaging emissions restrictions and instead launching a massive U. S effort to develop energy that will generate fewer or no emissions, including nuclear energy. ! Diringer supports the yes side, believing that International negotiations to control global warming are useful. We will write a custom essay sample on Are International Negotiations to Control Global Warming Useful? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Cancun agreement was set into place and represent the most tangible process within the UNFCCC negotiations. They memorialize pledges taken by more than 80 countries accounting for more than 80% of global emissions. The agreements established the fundamentals of a stronger support system for developing countries, and a stronger system for countries to verify whether other countries are sticking to their pledge. All nations share a common interest in adverting dangerous climate change and pursue clean energy are in our direct national interest as well. There are many reasons, whether from an environmental, national security, or economic perspective. While international agreements and commitments are critical to our success in addressing global climate change, more important efforts are the policies and actions countries are taking implementing policies contributing in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The European Union, China, Brazil, Indonesia, South Africa, Mexico, and North Korea are all working towards goals they’ve set in order to reduce their countries CO2 emissions. ! Hayward supports the no side, stating that climate negotiations are implausible  and unpromising. When the issue of climate change ? rst came into play in the 1980’s, the question was: What diplomatic frameworks have worked before for similar kinds of global problems? With this three models for problems of global reach that had success was the arms control and anti-proliferation regimes, trade liberation process, and the Montreal Protocol. Hay ward believes that divide between wealthy and poorer nations is a concern. Poor nations have an overriding interest in affordable energy, which mean cheap energy, which means fossil fuel energy. What approach can replace the UN diplomatic track? Hayward asks. A more likely path to more signi? cant climate outcome would focus not on emissions limits but an emphasis on cheap decarbonization of energy through innovation. ! After the readings, I support Diringer and the yes side. I personally don’t believe that nuclear energy is the anwser to global warming. I think that because global warming is something that effects the world as a whole, and also each country, I think the only way to go about reducing CO2 emissions is International negotiations. Global warming can not be diminished if not every country is working on their ways of contributing.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Censorship In The U.S.A Essay Example For Students

Censorship In The U.S.A Essay Sex, Erotica, nude women, three some, these are some keywords for finding pornography on the Internet. The censorship of pornography has had positive affect on the United States of America and that is a good thing because pornography leads to crime, and since pornography has no positive affects on society, and censoring pornography is not against the constitution. Crimes and pornography have a direct and apparent link. Eighty-one percent of Criminals rate pornography as their highest sexual interest. This means that a clear majority of criminals love pornography and find it highly interesting, most other people probably rank other human beings as their highest sexual interest. When an adult bookstore is closed the crime rate in the surrounding areas falls significantly. Over all crime and pornography do have a link between them and that makes censoring it a positive idea for America. Pornography has no positive effect on society. The American population agrees that pornography does not serve a legitimate purpose. Seventy-two percent of Americans want some sort of crack down on pornography. Also Ninety-two percent of Americans want a crack down on child pornography because it has no value and is disgusting and Is Against the law. Pornography was found to have little redeeming social value by many adults and is close to worth less. The censoring of pornography is not against the United States Constitution. The reason why pornography is not included under the constitution is because it was demeaned by the United States Supreme Court in 1973 to be lewd and obscene material. The first amendment was intended to protect political speech in America not the speech that includes the exploiting of women and photography of women being raped. The founding fathers did not intend for their bill of rights to be exploited in the ways that it is today. They would have wanted us to have a safe and peaceful society. That would be one that does not include pornography. The opposition to the censoring of pornography will say that it is against the United States Constitution, which it is not. They will also say that it is censoring thoughts and ideas not actions. Lastly they will say that if you censor one thing what is there to keep you censoring other things and that will lead to the collapse of what America was built on freedom. First, there are no legitimate arguments against censorship; all of the arguments are intended to frighten one into believing the way they do. The argument that the censorship of pornography is against the constitution is a false and ludicrous idea. The Supreme Court did rule that it is not against the constitution to censor pornography. The censorship of pornography does not censor thought and ideas. What it does mean is that by censoring material published in the media form we will be protecting our society. Last is the most ridiculous argument of all the on that says that if you censor one thing it will cause you to censor more and more things until the there is nothing left to censor. The censorship of pornography has worked in many other countries before and it has not caused a massive increase in the censoring of other ideas what it did cause was a fall in crime rates. The one thing the opposition failed to prove was what is pornographys positive affect on society. In conclusion the censorship of pornography does not have a downside. It will decrease the crime rate; it will make America a better society, and will up hold what the founding fathers want free political speech not free speech to watch the exploiting of women

Thursday, November 28, 2019

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET WOMEN A Chemical Analysis ELEMENT Woman S

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET WOMEN: A Chemical Analysis ELEMENT: Woman SYMBOL: WO DISCOVERER Adam ATOMIC MASS: Accepted as 118 lbs, known to vary from 110 to 550 lbs. OCCURRENCE: Copious quantities throughout the world. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: 1. Surface usually covered with a painted film. 2. Boils at nothing, freezes without reason. 3. Melts if given special treatment. 4. Bitter if incorrectly used. 5. Found in various states ranging from virgin metal to common ore. 6. Yields to pressure applied to correct points. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: 1. Has great affinity for gold, silver, platinum and precious stones. 2. Absorbs great quantities of expensive substances. 3. May explode without prior warning and for no known reason. 4. Insoluble in liquids, but activity greatly increased by alcohol. 5. Most powerful money-reducing agent known to man. COMMON USES: 1. Highly ornamental, especially in sports cars. 2. Can be a great aid to relaxation. TESTS: 1. Pure specimen turns rosy pink when discovered in natural state. 2. Turns green when placed beside a better specimen. HAZARDS: 1. Highly dangerous except in experienced hands. 2. Illegal to possess more than one at a time.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Free Essays on A Biblical Theology Of The Pastoral Role

In Search of the Shepherd: A Biblical Theology of the Pastoral Role As a college student, I find that the one question asked of me most frequently is, â€Å"What is your major?† At first I thought it was quite normal to respond that I was pursuing a pastoral major at Moody Bible Institute. But after going through this routine a hundred times, I have come to the conclusion that no one has any idea what I am talking about when I use the word â€Å"pastor†. The responses are extremely varied. â€Å"You mean you’re gonna be a priest?† or, â€Å"There’s a school for that sort of thing?† or, â€Å"You’re already a pastor, we’re all pastors in the Lord† and even, â€Å"Your father must have been a minister, right?† Clearly, this world has become very confused about the role and nature of the pastor. The previous conversations were mostly with unbelievers, and I think we can cut them some slack on their ignorance of the church. It would be my hope that when we turn our attention to the church, we would find a better understanding of who the pastor is to be. But as many know, this is far from the truth. It seems that every church I walk into has a radically different definition of the word pastor. At first I was tempted to shrug this off as a matter of personality differences. But I find that many church leaders are following the examples of other prominent Bible teachers, going out of their way to â€Å"overcome† their own personalities in order to emulate what they view as a â€Å"good pastor†. Any book about pastoral ministry today will report the current trend toward pragmatism in ministry: If it seems to work, then it must be the right way to do things. Every Christian today has opportunities to view and experience ministry from the most thriving churches in the country through radio, television, videos, and magazines. Great pressure comes upon our church leaders through this. People from their congregations learn abou... Free Essays on A Biblical Theology Of The Pastoral Role Free Essays on A Biblical Theology Of The Pastoral Role In Search of the Shepherd: A Biblical Theology of the Pastoral Role As a college student, I find that the one question asked of me most frequently is, â€Å"What is your major?† At first I thought it was quite normal to respond that I was pursuing a pastoral major at Moody Bible Institute. But after going through this routine a hundred times, I have come to the conclusion that no one has any idea what I am talking about when I use the word â€Å"pastor†. The responses are extremely varied. â€Å"You mean you’re gonna be a priest?† or, â€Å"There’s a school for that sort of thing?† or, â€Å"You’re already a pastor, we’re all pastors in the Lord† and even, â€Å"Your father must have been a minister, right?† Clearly, this world has become very confused about the role and nature of the pastor. The previous conversations were mostly with unbelievers, and I think we can cut them some slack on their ignorance of the church. It would be my hope that when we turn our attention to the church, we would find a better understanding of who the pastor is to be. But as many know, this is far from the truth. It seems that every church I walk into has a radically different definition of the word pastor. At first I was tempted to shrug this off as a matter of personality differences. But I find that many church leaders are following the examples of other prominent Bible teachers, going out of their way to â€Å"overcome† their own personalities in order to emulate what they view as a â€Å"good pastor†. Any book about pastoral ministry today will report the current trend toward pragmatism in ministry: If it seems to work, then it must be the right way to do things. Every Christian today has opportunities to view and experience ministry from the most thriving churches in the country through radio, television, videos, and magazines. Great pressure comes upon our church leaders through this. People from their congregations learn abou...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Unemployment in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Unemployment in the UK - Essay Example The United Kingdom unemployment rate was far lower than the United States that got an employment rate of 4.6% in 2007 and 8.5% in 2009 as per the figures obtained by the CEPR from the OECD. Figure 1 above indicates that the unemployment rate of the UK is getting a lot better compared to the unemployment figures of both the Euro Area and the OECD countries. This is indicative of a better macroeconomic management of the UK compared to the US, Euro Area, and the rest of the OECD countries. Compared with her neighbours, UK’s management of her economy seems to be better because the gap between actual and potential output has been generally closing historically since 1995 as indicated by Begg et al. (2002, p. 359). A lower output gap means that the economy approaches the full employment level. Full employment, however, does not mean that all have work. Whether one is classified employed or unemployed largely depends on whether one is actively looking for work. For instance, based on the definition of the International Labour Organization to which the international community refer to in defining their own national concept of unemployment, the unemployed are those â€Å"without a job, want a job, have actively sought work in the last 4 weeks and are available to start work in the next 2 weeks† or â€Å"out of work, have found a job and are waiting to start in the next 2 weeks† (United Kingdom Office for National Statistics 2009, p. 4). Thus, based on this definition, one may argue that the official unemployment figures are much lower than the actual figures because some may have quit looking for work because they had consistently failed to find one. Citing OECD studies, Miles and Scott (2005, p. 143) pointed out that the natural rate of unemployment of the United Kingdom is about 5.5% recently. The 5.5% estimate is consistent with Figure 1

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Financial Statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Statements - Essay Example This project aims at studying and analyzing the annual report of Home Depot as submitted to the United States SEC in the year 2008. The basic financial statements including the income statement, the balance sheet and the cash flow statements of the company are studied and mapped against the managerial decision making processes of the company in the specific year under study. The consolidated statement of earnings of Home Depot indicates that the company has been extremely proficient in generating revenues in 2008. The total revenue in 2008 was USD 77349 million. The operating expenses of the company were USD 18755 million. This indicates that the company was much efficient in generating high revenues while being able to maintain much lower operating expenses. The net earnings of Home Depot in 2008 were USD 4395 which is favorable when mapped against the industry requirements. In overall, as per the consolidated statement of earnings of Home Depot, the company was performing at a standard level in the year 2008 (Home Depot Inc., 2008, p. 4). The consolidated statement of earnings or the income statement of a company summarizes the revenues that a company has earned during the period of reporting through the sale of its products and services. Also, it includes the expenses that a company has made to produce the revenues during the same period. These expenses may include the selling expenses, overheads, general expenses and depreciation of the assets. The comparison of the revenues and the expenses of a company show the net operating profit of a company. After the deduction of various statutory deductions like taxes and interest expenses, the consolidated statement of earnings of a business represents the net earnings of the company over a specific period of time. The key business decisions like how the return on investment for the company can be improved are

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Black Exodus of 1879 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Black Exodus of 1879 - Research Paper Example † The Black Exodus of 1879, often referred to as the Exoduster Movement, took place in late nineteenth century US, where there was a large-scale migration of the black Americans from southern states (primarily from regions adjoining the Mississippi River) to Kansas. This was the first movement of the black Americans (in large numbers) away from South, after end of the US Civil War. At this time, there were increasing instances of racial strife that led to widespread violence and brutal murders (of both black and white community members) in the southern states. The protection accorded to the black slaves by the Reconstruction era under Federal Bureau, disappeared with the end of Reconstruction, and with the start of the next phase known as Redemption, the former slaves became more vulnerable and were again at the mercy of their former owners. After the 1876 election, many of the former slaves felt unsafe and decided to migrate to other regions that were deemed safer. While some migrate d towards the abolitionists states in the north-eastern regions, there were large-scale movements towards Kansas (held under Republicans and the famous John Brown). The black Americans that moved to Kansas in 1879 came to be known as the Exodusters, and their movement created a great deal of worry for the southerners and led to significant debate amongst the southern and northern states. In the black exodus of 1879,  Benjamin "Pap" Singleton played a prominent role.5  During this movement, nearly forty thousand Exodusters  migrated from the  South  and went to live in Colorado Oklahoma,  and Kansas.6   The  term Kansas Fever Exodus  refers to the immigration of nearly six thousand former slaves to Kansas, from  the southern states of Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi.7 Benjamin Singleton, at the time of the exodus, was residing in Kansas (Morris country), and he had started the demand for rights to black immigration immediately after the end of the civil war, and owing to his deep involvement in the movement he is also known as the â€Å"Father of Exodus.† There are various speculations as regards the actual cause for this sudden exodus of the black Americans from the Mississippi region towards Kansas in such large numbers. Some authors contend that this movement was primarily owing to the feeling of insecurity arising from the sudden fall i n political ascendancy of the black community, after the Reconstruction era ended. Other writers feel that some of the crafty northern politicians lured these former slaves in order to garner support in the forthcoming elections. Some authors also claim that agricultural failure in 1878, a subsequent fall in labor prices, and various other external causes led to discontent amongst the black population, which ultimately made them move northwards, and search for a better and a more stable livelihood.8 Another strong influence that made many of the black Americans move to Kansas or to other parts in the north and western regions, were the news and letters detailing the prosperous conditions of some of the former slaves who had already migrated and settled in these regions, right after the civil war. In this context, the paper will now discuss the Black Exodus of 1879, and will examine the reasons and causes behind the movement. It will explore the effects of this movement, as in change of black population demographics. The paper will include notable figures that were involved in the movement while examine the opinions of various African Americans of that era about this movement. Discussion The era of reconstruction After the end of the US Civil War in 1865, the period of Reconstruction started which lasted until around 1877, when there were large-scale efforts to rebuild South on new lines and

Friday, November 15, 2019

Changing Nature Of Work And Family Conflict Social Work Essay

Changing Nature Of Work And Family Conflict Social Work Essay There are past literature reviews related to work and family conflict, but hardly any review which gives a quick overview of work and family research in global context. This paper outlines both the positive and negative outcomes associated with work and family interface, theoretical models related to work and family research, antecedents and consequences of work and family interface, importance of topics in work and family study and future implications of work and family interface. Introduction In the 21st century it is a challenge for many working families to maintain a balance between work and family. The increased participation of married women in the labour force has led to a growing realization that work and family domains are highly interdependent. Duxbury and Higgins (1991) reported that due to the increasing prevalence of dual bread-winner families and single working parents, workers are facing more challenges in meeting the demands of work and family. Issues of work and family have always been a part of our life. Lopata and Norr (1980) suggest that work and family issues have gained greater importance because the stereotypic life-course pattern is changing and more flexible options are available. Killien, Habermann, and Jarrett (2001) reported that in more than 50% of all married couples in United States of America, both partners work outside the home. In the western and dual earner couples are the norm today, representing 54% of married couples in the U.S. in 2001 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000). The interference of the home and work domain has been identified as one of the ten major stressors in the work place (Kelloway, Gottlieb, Barham, 1999). The spillover from work and family can be negative or positive and is bi-directional; it involves the transfer of mood and behaviour from one domain (home or workplace) to the other (Almeida, Wethington, Chandler, 1999; Bromet, Dew, Parkinson, 1990). Work can be very important and can have positive effects for people (e.g. Rothbard, 2001). A balanced life can give multiple sources of satisfaction (Baruch Barnett, 1893), and can provide many people with social support, opportunities for increased self-efficacy and an expanded frame of reference (Barnett Hyde, 2001). If the workers are unable to make the balance between work and family roles, the potential for conflict between the roles increases (Frone, Russell, Cooper, 1992a; Greenhaus Powell, 2003). Work and family conflict is emerging as a research topic because there have b een significant changes in the social conceptions of gender, parenthood and work identity (Beach, 1989). Work and Family from the Conflict and Balance Perspective Voydanoff (2004b) reported that work and family conflict and work family balance are independent constructs rather than opposite ends of a single continuum. Work and family conflict is based on the principle of scarcity theory. The scarcity theory of human energy assumes that personal resources of time, energy, and attention are fixed. The scarcity hypothesis also suggests that the multiple roles inevitably reduce the time and energy available to meet all role demands, thus creating strain (Goode, 1960) and work-family conflict (Marks, 1977). Work and family conflict has been defined as a form of interrole conflict in which role pressures from the work and family domains are mutually incompatible in some respect (Greenhaus Beutell, 1985, p.77; Greenhaus Powell, 2003). Work and family conflict occurs when the demands of work are in disharmony with the demands of family (Bruck, Allen Spector, 2002). Boundaries of work and family are asymmetrically permeable, such that work interfere s with family life and family life interferes with work (Eagel, Miles Icenogle, 1997; Frone, Russell Cooper, 1992b). The incompatibilities between the two roles are based on the three different forms of work and home conflict: time based, strain based and behaviour based (Greenhaus Beutell, 1985). Time based conflict occurs when the time demanded by the family puts pressure on work and the time demanded at work take away from spending quality time with the family. Parasuraman, Purohit, Godshalk, and Beutell (1996) hypothesized that commitments of time represent an important cause of work and family conflict (WFC). This hypothesis is based on the view that time is a limited resource. If a person devotes his time to a given role e.g. work, the less time that person has to meet the family role. Strain based conflict occur when stress from one domain shifts to another domain. Bartolome and Evans (1979) explained strain based conflict as the extent to which an individual preoccupied w ith one role (e.g. family) stressed someone attempting to meet the demands of another role (e.g. work). Behaviour based conflict occurs when behaviour makes it difficult to fulfil the requirements in another role. Behaviour based conflict refers to the display of specific behaviors in one domain that are incongruous with desired behaviors within the second domain, where norms and role expectations in one area of life are in- compatible with those required in the other domain (O Driscoll, Brough, Kalliath, 2006, p. 118). Several researchers acknowledge that the direction of conflict is an essential element and that both work-to- family and family-to-work conflict need to be identified (e.g., Frone, Russell, Cooper, 1997; Higgins Duxbury, 1992). WFC was originally operationalized as an uni-dimensional construct (Kopelman, Greenhaus, Connolly, 1983). The recent studies by Carlson, Kacmar, and Williams (2000) and Frone et al. (1992, 1997) have explained that work family conflict is a multidimentional concept work can interfere family; (WIF) as well as family can interfere work; (FIW). Frone (2003) reported a four dimensional model of work-family balance, that is direction of influence between work and family roles (i.e. work-to-family and family to work) and type of effect (conflict versus facilitation). The studies by Aryee, Luk, Leung and Lo (1999); Frone, (2003); Netemeyer, Boles and McMurrian (1996) and Williams and Alliger, (1994) reported that the prevalence of WIF conflict is greater than FIW conflict. A study by Roehling, Moen, and Batt (2003) reported that family life enhances work life to a greater degree than work life enhances family life. Marks (1977) (also see Sieber, 1974) proposed a theoretical alternative to the scarcity theory, which he called the role expansion theory. The role expansion theory Marks proposed assumed that human energy is abundant and participation in one role could also have a positive effect on the other role. The potential benefits of engaging in both work and family roles have largely been overlooked (Brockwood, Hammer, Neal, 2003; Hanson, Colton, Hammer, 2003). The terms work and family enrichment, positive spillover, work and family enhancement and work and family facilitation are used for the positive relationship between work and family. Work and family facilitation is a form of synergy in which resources associated with one role enhance or make participation in the other role easier (Voydanoff, 2004a). Better functioning of both work and family adds a more positive look at the interaction between work and home, allowing for the possibility of synergy between work and home (Zedeck, 1992 ). ODriscoll (1996) examined the processes of role enhancement where multiple roles energize the individuals and give them more satisfaction in work and family roles. In addition, employees today are more likely to express a strong desire to have a harmonious balance between work and family (Offermann Gowing, 1990; Zedeck Mosier, 1990). Barnett and Hyde (2001) also proposed an expansionist theory of work and family and they explained several benefits of combining multiple roles. They stated that multiple roles give benefits such as added income, more sources of social support, greater self complexity and more shared experiences between men and women. The success in one role can buffer failure in another role. The idea of an interaction between work and family comes from statistical models where two effects combine to provide something that is greater than would have been predicted from either one alone ( Halpern Murphy, 2005, p. 4). Research has also found a modest positive correlation between work and family commitment (Marks MacDermid, 1996). The exchange theory of Pittman (1994) defines work-family fit as an assessment of the balance between the spheres and may be considered the acceptability to the multidimensional exchange between a family and work organization (p. 135). Pittman referred to work-family fit as an assessment of balance between work and family. There are many empirical studies that have abundantly examined work-home conflict, whereas there have been fewer studies on positive work-home interaction (Geurts Demerouti, 2003). At the same time, there are few instruments available to measure work and family balance than work and family conflict (Carlson, Kacmar, Wayne, Grzywacz, 2006). Later in this paper I discuss work and family from the scarcity theory perspective in more detail. Theoretical Models related to Work and Family Research Researchers have proposed a several ways in which the work and family domains may be linked (Edwards Rothbard, 2000; Lambert, 1990). Earlier work and family research were based on three popular hypotheses (Cohen, 1997): segregation (segmentation), compensation, and spillover. Segregation refers to the separation of work and family in which there is no systematic connection between work and family roles (Edwards Rothbard, 2000). Segregation also refers to the separation of work and family from the psychological, physical, temporal and functional point of view, and suggests that this is the best way to keep a boundary between work and family (Lambert, 1990). Compensation refers to the negative relationship between the work and family role. If a person is dissatisfied in one role of life, it offsets satisfaction in another (Burke Greenglass, 1987). Spillover can be seen in terms of work and family mood, value, skills, and behavior spillover. The spillover model of work and family ref ers to the positive and negative feelings, attitudes and behaviors that might emerge in one domain and are carried over into the other (Googins, 1991, p. 9). Kabanoff and O Brien (1980) have expanded the spillover and compensation hypothesis by analyzing the work and family activities in five dimensions (autonomy, variety, skill utilization, pressure and social interaction). A comprehensive model of the work-family interface was developed and tested by Frone et al. (1992a). This model introduced a major change in the theories of work and family conflict. The model extended prior research by explicitly distinguishing between work interfering with family and family interfering with work. This distinction allowed testing of hypothesis concerning the unique antecedents and outcomes of both forms of work-family conflict and the reciprocal relationship between them. Frone et al. (1997) developed an integrative model of the work-family interface. This model extends prior work by Frone et al. (1992a). Although this present model adopts the distinction between WIF and FIW, several important changes have been incorporated. First, a more explicit attempt is made to model the reciprocal (i.e., feedback) relations between work and family life. Second, a distinction is drawn between proximal and distal predictors of work-family conflict. Third, the relations between work-family conflict and role related affect have been differentiated into predictive and outcome relations. Finally, role related behavior and behavioral intentions have been explicitly incorporated into the model. Bronfenbrenner (1989) developed an ecological systems theory which stands in contrast to the individual, deterministic perspective of the structural-functionalist role theory. The ecological systems theory suggests that the work-family experience is a joint function of process, person, context and time characteristics. Ecological theory suggests that each type of characteristic exerts an additive, and potentially interactive, effect on the work-family experience. Researchers have used this framework to guide the study of work-family conflict (e.g., Grzywacz, 2000; Hammer, Bauer, Grandey, 2003; Voydanoff, 2002). From the perspective of ecological systems theory, work, community and family are microsystems consisting of networks of face-to-face relationships (Bronfenbrenner, 1989). When two or more microsystems are interrelated, such as work, family and community, the processes connecting them form two types of mesosystems. In one way, we can find direct relationships within one or mo re microsystems. The relationship within the work, family and community may be positive or negative, unidirectional or reciprocal. From another perspective, we can see the combined effect of these microsystems on individual, community and work outcomes. Grzywacz and Marks (2000) examined the work and family interface using the ecological systems theory. They found four dimensions in the experience of the work and family interface: negative work-to-family spillover, negative family to work spillover, positive work to family spillover and positive family to work spillover. Also, they reported that the ecological resources at work (i.e. decision latitude, co-worker and supervisor support) and family (i.e. spouse and family support) were associated with lower levels of negative spillover and higher level of positive work-family spillover. They also found that ecological barriers at work (i.e. work pressure) and family (i.e. spouse disagreement and family criticism burden) was associated with higher levels of negative work-family spillover. Senecal, Vallerand and Guay (2001) proposed and tested a model of work-family conflict based on the Self-Determination Theory and the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. Individuals who perform an activity out of choice and pleasure regulate their behaviour in a self-determined manner. Individuals also do activities out of internal and external pressures, which regulate their behavior in a non-self-determined way (Deci Ryan, 1985; 1991). The model posits that positive interpersonal factors both at work (i.e. ones employer) and at home (e.g. ones spouse) influence work and family motivation. But low levels of self-determined motivation towards the two life contexts (work and family) facilitate the experience of family alienation, which leads to work-family conflict. Finally, work-family conflict leads to feelings of emotional exhaustion. Results from structural equation modeling supported this model. Although the model was supported by data from both men and wom en, some sex differences were uncovered at the mean level. Voydanoff (2002) proposed a conceptual model that links the work-family interface to work, family and individual outcomes through several mediating mechanisms. First, the work-family interface is related to a cognitive assessment of work and family conflict, role balance or role enhancement. This relationship may be moderated by social categories and coping resources. The assessment of conflict, balance or enhancement can result in either work-family role strain or work-family role ease. Then, depending on the extent of strain or ease, individuals and families pursue various work-family adaptive strategies designed to improve or facilitate adjustment to various aspects of work and family interface. The success of these strategies is indicated by the extent of perceived work-family fit. Work-family fit is related directly to work, family and individual outcomes. Lastly, work-family adaptive strategies are proposed as having feedback effects on the work family interface. Boundary theory (Ashforth, Kreiner, Fugate, 2000; Nippert-Eng, 1996) and Border theory (Clark, 2000; Michelson Johnson, 1997) state that each one of a persons roles takes place within a specific domain of life, and these that domains are separated by borders that may be physical, temporal, or psychological (Ashforth et al. 2000; Clark, 2000). Boundary/border theory specifically addresses the issue of crossing borders between domains. Although this theory is relevant to all domains of life, its most common application is to the domains of home and work. According to the boundary/border theory, the flexibility and permeability of the boundaries between peoples work and family lives will affect the level of integration, the ease of transitions, and the level of conflict between these domains (Ashforth et al. 2000; Clark, 2000; Nippert-Eng, 1996). Loy and Frenkel (2005) present societal cultural models of work and family. They explained that societal cultures vary by race, ethnicity, social class, and region. They explained that although the number of dual-earner families has risen in all industrialized nations countries, the families vary in the ways they address work-family conflict, in part, due to differences in societal cultures. Recognizing the importance of cultural models of gender, work and family has consequences for the construction of states and organizational policies. Hobfoll (1989) developed the conservation of resources (COR) model. According to this model individuals seek to acquire and maintain resources including objects, personal characteristics, conditions and energies. Stress occurs when there is a loss of resources or a threat of loss. The COR model proposes that work and family conflict leads to stress because resources (e.g., time and energy) are lost in the process of juggling both work and family roles p. 352). Grandey and Cropanzano (1999) argue that the conservation of resources model is an improvement over role theory. Until recently, work and family researchers have relied mainly upon role theory (Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, Rosenthal, 1964). According to the COR model role theory has some limitations because it has paid less attention to family roles. On the other hand, the COR model encompasses several stress theories, and explains stress outcomes for both intra and interrole stress. The individual difference variables in stress patterns are also included in the COR model and treated as resources. Finally, the COR model also provides an additional insight that has not been widely considered in WFC literature. The model has emphasis on threatened resources and suggests that certain critical events are the source of stress as well. The Grandey and Cropanzano (1999) study is the only study which has tested the application of the COR model to work and family research. An extensive body of research is based on theories of role strain and role enhancement and addresses the effects of performing multiple roles (in the family and the work place). According to role theorists, a role is a set of activities or behaviors that others expect an individual to perform (Kahn et al. 1964). Thus, an increase in roles gives rise to an increase in role conflict. Role stress theory proposes that the greater the role accumulation, the greater the demands and role incompatibility and the greater the role conflict and strain (Burr, Leigh, Day, Constantine, 1979; Goode, 1960). Role conflict is defined as the simultaneous occurrence of two (or more) sets of role pressures such that compliance with one would make more difficult the compliance with the other (Kahn et al. 1964, p. 19). At the same time a number of empirical studies support role enhancement theory (e.g., Barnet and Hyde, 2001; Waldron, Weiss, Sieber, 1974). After the development of all the above-mentioned models in work and family, Carlson et al. (2000) proposed a six-dimensional model of work and family conflict. Their model include three forms of conflict (time based, strain based and behavior based conflict) and two directions of conflict (WIF and FIW) which results in a six-dimensional model of work and family conflict (see figure 1). Figure1. (Source: Carlson, Kacmar, Williams, 2000, p. 251). Explain the model describe Antecedents and Consequences of Work and Family Jacobs and Gerson (2001) reported that the vast increase in working mothers, single parents and dual earner couples means that more workers than ever are attempting to balance work and family life. As a result, the majority of working parents feel that they have a shortage of time to fulfill their multiple life roles (Hochschild, 1997). Researchers have considered a number of different variables as possible antecedents of WIF and FIW. Consistent with the classification scheme of Eby, Casper, Lockwood, Bordeaux, and Brinley (2005) regarding antecedents of work-family conflict, antecedents can be classified into three categories: work domain variables, non-work domain variables, and individual and demographic variables. Work domain variables and work and family conflict There are more studies examining the work domain as predictors of WFC than the family domain as predictors of FWC. WIF interaction has been given more research attention than that given to FIW interaction (Eagle, Miles, Icenogle, 1997; Higgins Duxbury, 1992). Job demands, job control and social support were the most discussed antecedents of work. The Job Demand- Control (JDC) model reported two crucial job aspects in the work situation: job demands and job control (Karasek, 1979). In the 1980s, a social dimension was added to this model and called job demand-control and support (JDCS) model. Job demands refer to the work load, and have been operationalized mainly in terms of time pressure and role conflict (Karasek, 1985). The central component of job demand is the tasks mental workload and the mental alertness or arousal needed to carry out the task. Three types of job demands are included in this theory: time demands, monitoring demands and problem solving demands (Karasek Theor ell, 1990, p. 63). The job characteristics mentioned by the demands, control and support models have been reported in a number of work and family studies (e.g., Grzywacz Butler, 2005; Grzywacz Marks, 2000; ODriscoll, Ilgen, Hildreth, 1992; Pal Saksvik, 2006; 2008). Employees who had higher job demand, lower job control and less social support were more likely to experience high levels of work-family conflict (Grzywacz Marks, 2000; Pleck, Staines, Lang, 1980). At the same time, there are many studies focused on working hours, long hours of work, long days and the relation to WFC (Carlson Perrewe, 1999; Grzywacz Marks, 2000; Keith Schafer, 1980; Pleck, et al. 1980; Reich, 2000). A natural conclusion is that those who work long hours and days are not able to give time to the family. The average number of hours a couple worked in America in 1997 was ten hours a week more than the average couple in 1970 (Jacobs Gerson, 1998). Toterdell, Spelten, Smith, Barton, and Folkard (1995 ) reported that employees who work in different shifts reported work and family conflict because shift work leads to sleep disturbance and interferes with social life. Demerouti, Geurts, Bakker and Euwema (2004), in a study on military police, reported that fixed non day shifts including weekends (i.e., during highly valuable times) should be avoided in order to minimize the conflict between work and family. Length and difficulties of the commute to and from work has also been shown to be related to WIF conflict (Bohen Viveros-Long, 1981; Pleck et al. 1980). The relocation of work also gives rise to negative work and family consequences (Munton, 1990). Management support and recognition (Burke, 1988; Love, Galinsky, Hughes, 1987), the levels of work role assigned to work roles (Greenhaus and Kopelman, 1981; Greenhaus and Parasuraman, 1987), role overload at work (Bacharach et al., 1991), and individuals highly involved in work (Frone et al. 1992a; Greenhaus, Parasuraman, Granrose, Rabinowitz Beutell, 1989; Hammer, Allen, Grigsby, 1997) are also important factors related to WIF conflict. Job insecurity or concern over losing ones job is a strain based demand that threatens the economic well-being necessary for the stability and quality of family life. The stress associated with job insecurity reduces interpersonal availability and limits effective participation in family life. One study reported that job insecurity is positively related to WFC for men and women (Batt Valcour, 2003), whereas another study found this relationship for women but not for men (Kinnunen Mauno, 1998). Several studies also reported a significant relationship between WFC and job satisfaction (Coverman, 1989; Rice, Frone, Mcfarlin, 1992). Organizational commitment is another work-related variable that has been studied in association with WFC. Netemeyer et al. (1996); Good et al., (1998) and ODriscoll et al. (1992) found that as WFC increases, the organizational commitment decreases. Greater levels of WFC are associated with increased intentions to leave the organization (Grandey Cropanzano, 1999; Good et al. 1988). Wayne, Musica and Fleeson (2004) and Grandey, Cordeiro, and Crouter (2005) proposed that attributing the source of the work and family conflict to the work domain is associated with reduced satisfaction with the work role, whereas attributing it to the family domain contributes to lower marital quality. Research suggests that a supportive organizational culture, supervisor, or mentor is generally beneficial in reducing WFC. Several studies have found that work support (Carlson Perrewe, 1999; Greenhaus et al. 1987; Thompson, Beauvais, Lyness, 1999), the availability of work-family benefits (Thompson et al., 1999), having a mentor (Nielson et al. 2001), receiving more role modeling and overall mentor support (Nielson et al. 2001), and having a mentor who was perceived as having similar work-family values (Nielson et al., 2001) are related to less WFC. At the same time, job satisfaction buffers the relationship between hours spent helping parents and psychological distress for mothers (Voydanoff Donnelly, 1999). Having a flexible work schedules is ranked as the most valuable benefit option for employees (Allen, 2001). Family domain variables and family and work conflict Numerous studies have examined characteristics of the family domain as predictors of WFC and family involvement as adversely influenced by work-related concerns (Burke Greenglass, 1987). Research into WIF conflict and FIW conflict antecedents in the family domain has found positive linkages between WIF conflict and FIW conflict and marital status (Herman Gyllstrom, 1977), size and developmental stage of the family (Herman Gyllstrom, 1977; Keith Schafer, 1980), level of importance assigned to family roles (Greenhaus Parasuraman, 1987), family stressors (parental workload, extent of childrens misbehavior, lack of spouse support, and the degree of tension in the marital relationship) and family involvement (Frone et al. 1992a). Negative relationships were found between WIF conflict and spouse and family support (Bruke, 1988; Greenhaus Kopelman, 1981). Indeed, Suchet and Barling (1986) found evidence for spouse support as a moderator of WIF. A study by Higgins and Duxbury (1992) wh ich revealed that males in dual career couples (that is, male breadwinner and fulltime housewife) found WFC related to life satisfaction. Studies by Bedeian, Burke and Moffett (1988); Greenhaus, Bedeian and Mossholder (1987), and Parasuraman et al. (1989) found that WFC was strongly related to quality of life. Some studies that take into account the bi-directional nature of work-home interferences suggest that home characteristics are more likely to foster home-work interference. For example, Frone et al. (1992a) have shown that whereas job stressors were positively related to work work interferes with family, family stressors (e.g. parental workload and lack of spouse support) were positively related to family interfering with work. They even argue that the positive relationships between family stressors and WHI suggested and documented in previous research (e.g. Burke, 1988; Kopelman et al. 1983; Voydanoff, 1988) are, in fact, indirect relationships through family interferes with work. Individual and demographic variables Gender, marital status and age are frequently described as the most important demographic characteristics influencing work and family. Byron (2005) found that demographic variables tend were weak predictors of WIF and FIW; although they did tended to have indirect effects on WIF and FIW. This coincides with recent theory that supports the use of social categories as moderators in the work-family literature (Voydanoff, 2002). In general, being male appears to exacerbate any negative effects of family domain antecedents, such as family stress, family conflict, number of children, and marital status, related to work-family conflict. Paradoxically, females tend to enjoy greater protective benefits from those antecedents, such as flexible work schedules, and, to some extent supportive families, which lessen the experience of interferences. Ones life stages also influence work and family conflict (Barnett, Gareis, James, Steele, 2003). A study by Burke and Greenglass (1999) found that age is positively related to work-family conflict. Grazywacs and Marks (2000) examined the effects of age on the experience of positive and negative work and family interaction. They found that young men reported more negative spillover between work and family and less positive spillover between family to work than older men, while younger women reported more positive spillover from work to family, and more negative spillover from family to work than did older women. Personality should also be given greater consideration in understanding how an individual views and experience multiple life roles (Carlson, 1999; Wayne et al. 2004). Friede and Ryan (2005) discuss the role of personality in interpreting work and family. Behavior based conflict is also linked to the personality of an individual and is one of the main predictors of WFC. Carlson (1999) reported that it occurs when there is incompatibility between the behaviors at either the work place or the home. Personality can influence the actual type and amount of work and family role requirements that an individual experiences his or her, perception of work and family role requirements and the approach to work and family interface. There is the need for a greater recognition of individual differences in work and family theorizing. Some may ignore this because of a concern that focusing on individual differences, such as personality, is not a key influence of work and family conflict and work and family enhancement. But this may lead to viewing problems in work and life balancing as individual responsibility, with little or no accountability on the part of the firm or of societal institutions (Friede Ryan, 2005, p. 204). Emotional stability (Kinnunen, Vermulst, Gerris, Makikangas, 2003) and self esteem (Greenhaus Powell, 2003) are also linked to the work-family conflict. Finally, researchers discovered that interpersonal attachment styles (Sumer Knight, 2001), and psychological involvement in work and family roles (Adams, King, King, 1996; Frone et al. 1992a) are linked to work and family conflict. Importance research Topics in Work and Family Study Gender and work-family interface- Gender refers to the set of culturally expected personality, behavior, and attitude attributes associated with being male or female in any given society. Much gendering takes place in the context of family, where the feminine social ideals are what makes a good mother or a good daughter or a good wife, and the masculine social ideals are reflected in notions of the ideal father or the ideal husband (Simon, 1995). The literature on gender, work and family reveals that a gender difference is found when interpreting work and family. Women exper

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Ethical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation Essay

Ethical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation I Recall the distinction between metaethics and normative ethics. Normative ethics deals with substantial ethical issues, such as, What is intrinsically good? What are our moral obligations? Metaethics deals with philosophical issues about ethics: What is value or moral obligation? Are there ethical facts? What sort of objectivity is possible in ethics? How can we have ethical knowledge? Recall, also, the fundamental dilemma of metaethics. Either there are ethical facts or there aren?t. If they are, what sort of facts are they? In what do they consist? If there are not, why do we think, talk, and feel as though there are? II Philosophical ethics is the integration of metaethics and normative ethics?the attempt to come to an integrated understanding of both. Given our current perspective, how can we view the philosophical ethics of Mill, Kant, Aristotle, Nietzsche, and the ethics of care? III For Mill, the question is what is the relation between his (metaethical) empirical naturalism and his (normative) qualitatively hedonist value theory and his utilitarian moral theory? One place we can see Mill?s empiricism is his treatment, in Chapter III, of the question of why the principle of utility is ?binding?, how it can generate a moral obligation. Compare Mill?s treatment of this question with Kant?s treatment of the question of why the CI is binding in Chapter III of the Groundwork. IV What is Kant?s metaethics? Since he holds that morality is both necessary and a priori, Kant must be some kind of rationalist. But, unlike Plato, he is not the kind of rationalist who holds that there are metaphysically... ...ception might underlie the ethics of care? Think about how we experience our relationships to others. Don?t we experience particular others as making claims on us? Personal relationships are probably the best examples, but aren't relationships with strangers quite similar. Think, for example, of fundamental forms of human exchange like gift-giving, promise, and contract. Indeed, the original root meaning of ?obligation? refers to bond created between individuals by such exchanges. As in, ?much obliged.? VIII Of course, we have only been able to pursue some of the many different ways in which philosophers have tried to think through the ethical and philosophical questions about value and obligation that any thoughtful human being faces. In the end, it is up to each of us to decide what answers to these questions we find most convincing.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Funeral Blues Essay

Funeral Blues â€Å"A METEOR FROM the universe of Wystan Hugh Auden flashed into the atmosphere of American culture in 1994 when â€Å"Funeral Blues,† a poem written in 1936, was recited in a eulogy scene in the movie Four Weddings and a Funeral. † (Johnson) Many people have wondered what it is like to lose someone they love; if one does not know the feeling they are very fortunate. Some people think that without that certain someone, their life will cease to exist. In W. H.Auden’s poem â€Å"Funeral Blues,† a woman loses her lover and cannot even imagine how she is going to get on with her life; she puts her deceased companion on a God-like pedestal; and she loves him so much that she believes that he is her whole world. In â€Å"Funeral Blues,† Auden makes the bitter attitude of the speaker toward the subject of death apparent to the readers through the use of symbols, imagery, and metaphor. In the first verse, the speaker states â€Å"stop all t he clocks, cut off the telephone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Auden Line 1).The clock being stopped may signify the fact the man who died has run out of time, or possibly to ask those who knew him to stop what they are doing and grieve. With the idea of the telephone being cut off, she wants to show the deceased the respect he deserves by honoring him with a moment of silence. In the second verse the speaker states, â€Å"let aeroplanes circle moaning overhead† (Auden 5). She uses this metaphor to reveal the pointlessness of her life. What is the point of planes flying in circles? They do not get anywhere flying in a circle. She is comparing the pointlessness of flying in circles to her life without her partner.The persona in the poem talks about her deceased partner as if he is on a God-like pedestal. The reader realizes just how important the deceased is to the speaker when reading the phrase â€Å"†¦He is Dead†. (Auden 6). The use of the capital letters displays the incredib ly close relationship between the two lovers. She talks about the aeroplanes scribbling sky messages, it is very doubtful that someone that is not in the limelight is going to have sky messages at their funeral that rarely happens at a celebrity funeral, let alone at a funeral of someone who is not in the limelight.To show the God-like significance, â€Å"He† is capitalized when she is talking about the writing in the sky. She also thinks that the funeral procession is going to be so long that they will need a police officer directing traffic. The persona in the poem continues to describe the intimacy between her and her lover, claiming that he was her â€Å"North, South, East, and West† (Auden 9). She has just realized that because of her companion’s death, along with everything else, her love has also come to an end.Like before, she commands the reader to carry out impossible tasks. â€Å"The stars are not wanted now: put out every one; Pack up the moon and d ismantle the sun† (Auden 13-14). She also begs for the oceans and forests to disappear. †Pour away the ocean and sweep up the wood. † (Auden 15) Without her lover, she feels like her life is meaningless. The speaker honestly believes that because of this tragic event, â€Å"†¦nothing now can ever come to any good. (Auden 16) She cannot picture her life without him, almost like she does not want to survive without him. W. H. Auden does not want one to find the meaning of the poem, but to feel the grief on how this person does not believe in living anymore since her loved one has passed away. It shows that she wants everything to stop and for everyone to feel what she’s feeling and mourn together with her. She put her lover on a God-like pedestal and thinks that he is just as important to everyone else like he is to her.Auden’s choice of words draws the reader into a greater understanding of the intensity and depth of feelings experienced upon the loss of a loved one. The symbolism used by the poet pulls us into the actual world of grief as the speaker searches for ways to mourn this passing. Works Cited Auden, W. H. â€Å"Funeral Blues. † Literature and the Writing Process. 9th Ed. McMahan, Elizabeth, et al. Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2011. 614. Print. Johnson, Jeffrey. Christian Century 4 September 2007: 47-48. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 February 2013.

Friday, November 8, 2019

How To Install Microsoft Access 2013

How To Install Microsoft Access 2013 Due to its widespread availability and flexible functionality, Microsoft Access is arguably the most popular database software in use today. Here we explain the Access 2013 installation process in a straightforward manner.  In order to install Access, youll need Access or Office installer (on CD or downloaded file). If you are trying to install an earlier version of Microsoft Access, see ​our guide on installing Microsoft Access 2010. Heres How Verify that your system meets the basic requirements for Access. Youll need at least a 1GHz  or faster processor with 1GB of RAM. Youll also need at least 3GB of free hard disk space.Ensure that your operating system is up-to-date. Youll need Windows 7 or later to run Access 2013. Its a good idea to apply all security updates and hotfixes to your system before installing access by visiting the Microsoft Updates site.Launch the Office installer.  If you are working from a downloaded copy of Office, open the file that you downloaded from Microsoft.  If you are using an installation disc, insert it in your optical drive. The installation process will begin automatically and ask you to wait while the system connects to your account.You will then be prompted to sign in to your Microsoft account.  You may choose to provide your account information by clicking the orange Sign In button or you may opt to bypass this process by clicking the No thanks, maybe later link.The installer wi ll then ask you if you wish to learn more about whats new in Office 2013.  You may choose to view this information by clicking the Take a look button or bypass this step by clicking the No thanks  link. Youll then be asked to wait a few minutes while the Office 2013 installer completes its work.When the installation completes, you may be prompted to restart your computer. Go ahead and do so.When your computer restarts, the first thing you should do is visit the Microsoft Update site  to download any security patches for Access. This is a critical step.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Euthanasia in Ancient Socities essays

Euthanasia in Ancient Socities essays Life is a precious gift that should be cherished, preserved, and enhanced in every way possible. But when the potential for meaningful, joyful, desirable life has been exhausted and every effort made to prevent the inevitable, should we make it legally possible for the merciful to show mercy to those who request intervention to end their intolerable suffering. Euthanasia is the practice of mercifully ending a persons life in order to release the person from an incurable disease, intolerable suffering, or undignified death. The word euthanasia derives from the Greek word thanatos death and eu meaning easy it originally referred to intentional mercy killing. When medical advances made prolonging the lives of the dying or comatose patient possible the term euthanasia was also applied to a lack of action to prevent death. Euthanasia can be active or passive. Active euthanasia involves painlessly putting individuals to death for merciful reasons, as when a doctor administers a lethal dose of medication to a patient. Passive euthanasia involves not doing something to prevent death for example when a doctor refrains from using an artificial respirator to keep alive a terminally ill patient. Euthanasia can also be voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary euthanasia is when a person asks to die. In voluntary euthanasia refers to ending the life of a person who is not mentally competent to make an informal request to die, such as a comatose patient. Various groups or societies through out history have accepted euthanasia in various forms. In ancient Greece and Rome euthanasia was considered permissible in some situations. For example in the Greek city of Sparta newborns with severe birth defects were put to death. Voluntary euthanasia for the elderly was approved as custom for the elderly in some ancient societies. However as Christianity developed, euthanasia became morally and ethically abhorrent and was...

Sunday, November 3, 2019

An assessment of Paris competitive strategy in the European tourism Dissertation

An assessment of Paris competitive strategy in the European tourism industry - Dissertation Example I would also like to appreciate the research staff for their help and contribution. They encourage me by ascertaining that the research will be effective. Their guidance supported me in handling with day-to-day issues and problems. I would also like to express my gratitude for those participants who supported me in collecting information. With the support of their concern and trust, information was gathered originally. Without their contribution, it was not possible to gather the information. Finally, I want to express my heartfelt gratitude for my family and friends who encouraged me and helped me in carrying out this research. They established my confidence through which I was capable to complete this study. Their trust and belief helped me immensely in acquiring my aim and doing this study successfully. Abstract The tourism market is one of the biggest and rapid growing industries all around the world. As per the World Tourism Organizations predictions, the industry will remain to flourishing and use more people in the 21st century. Along with the development of the tourism and hospitality market internationally, expectations of consumers and demands for higher quality are augmenting while consumer preferences are varying also (Montanari and Williams, 1995). Competition among the organizations, both internationally and nationally, is getting intense on one another. In this industrial context of increased consumer expectations, different market areas that demand special products and services, and tough competition, hospitality and tourism firms are looking for ways to progress in service quality, competition, customer satisfaction and performance, this paper takes the perception that humans and organizational behaviors are closely related with the success and failure of the tourism industry and help in the achievement of the desired goals through exceptional performance (Buzard, 1993). The purpose of this dissertation is to focus the core concepts related wit h the successful tourism and through a Paris case study, recommendations and suggestions for one of the major metropolitan of Europe; London has created an immense opportunity to explore the subject in detail. Table of Contents Acknowledgements 2 Abstract 3 Chapter Two: Literature Review 7 Chapter Three: Humans and Organizations Behaviors in Tourism Industry 8 Organizational Behaviour 9 Criteria to Measure Competitiveness in the Tourism Industry 9 Tourism in Paris 12 Competitive Advantages 13 Suggestions for Paris 16 Annual Investments 18 Chapter Four: Data Analysis and Findings 20 References 25 Chapter One: Introduction 1.1. Dissertation Overview Tourism has emerged one of the most crucial aspect and the most profit generating performance in numerous small island emerging states. It has transformed into the source of employment generation and revenue for small island’s people (Zuelow, 2011). A transformation in the tourism requirement for an island may have a big impact on t he GDP (Gross Domestic Product), which refers to the total worth of services and goods generated in a country in a specific period of time, normally a year, the Balance of payments and the budget (Ashworth and Kavaratzis, 2010). Tourism has transformed into a highly developing industry in the current state of business, where destinations majorly depend on their natural and few manmade assets to make their tourism market. It is sometimes a core component for economic development and progress. The economic influence of tourism has shifted the

Friday, November 1, 2019

ARTS musuem of denver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ARTS musuem of denver - Essay Example Unlike in a typical museum where visits are usually a bore (except on some occasions where there are great and interesting works that is exhibited) where we spend the whole time staring at paintings or sculpture while listening to a guide, the called Bernadette Berger Discovery Library is different. Visitors are treated like guests there and we do not even have to stand the whole time because there are couch present. They are oversized couch and really look and feels nice and just when we thought that they are just for display, visitors can actually sit on them and relax. And to encourage us just to relax, the guides will just leave us alone to roam around and satisfy our curiosity. This explains why the Bernadette Berger Discovery Library is called â€Å"discovery library† for short to encourage us to discover things for ourselves. And the museum wanted its guests to stay longer to learn more about their exhibits (which do not look like the traditional exhibit where paintings and artworks are displayed uniformly with their boring labels) by not making them stand up most of the time (which is very tiring especially when the museum is big that we have walk around) but just by relaxing with their cozy furniture and climate controlled environment. The set up was like a house only that it is bigger. There are even European cabinets there which were personally used by European nobilities which makes it more interesting. There are also a lot of books but it is not necessarily a library because there are also artworks and artifacts that were hanged on the wall just like our house. There are also small cabinets where you can pull the drawers out and there you can see the well framed pictures, printed materials and some old jewelries. Around the area, you see beautiful vases from ancient Greece as well Egyptian mummy case and an

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Veganism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Veganism - Essay Example People like puppies, so they keep them in their laps, but would often forget to put them in the shelter when it’s raining out there. People who keep donkeys to use them as a means to travel and transport luggage over the cartridges beat them with lashes to make them run faster. So many animals are treated this way including horses, donkeys, ponies, and camels. People keep the dog for their safety, but when some dog catches a disease, he is shot dead! All life long, dogs bark at the outsiders for the protection of their masters, and the masters kill them when the dogs become useless. These are all cases of direct and overt subjugation of animals’ rights. Humans have also caused great loss to animals through their environment-unfriendly activities. Thousands of species of animals have become extinct as a result of the ever-increasing global warming. Humans happen to be the fundamental cause of this rise in temperature that has spoiled the natural habitat of thousands of a nimals. An in-depth analysis of the kind of treatment humans have given to the animals suggests that humans have largely been unfair to the animals and have always suppressed them. Animals are as much part of nature as are humans and they are as much creation of God as are humans. In light of these facts, it is a moral obligation upon every human being to take care of the animals. I have decided to become a vegan. This would enable me to take objective measures to protect the animals and provide them with a healthy and safe environment to live in.

Monday, October 28, 2019

Employee Rights Review Essay Example for Free

Employee Rights Review Essay â€Å"Acts of Equal Employment Opportunity and Employee Rights† laws make it illegal for employers to discriminate against an employee or potential employee in certain workplaces. The Family Medical Leave Act of 1993 was created to grant family temporary medical leave. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 was created to prevent employees from being discriminated against because of age. The Drug- Free Workplace Act of 1988 requires some federal contractors and federal grantees to agree that they provide drug-free workplaces as a precondition of receiving a contract or grant from a federal agency. The requirements for organizations are more extensive because organizations have to take comprehensive, programmatic steps to achieve a workplace free of drugs. In the case, Coleman v. State of Maryland Court of Appeals, Coleman, an employee for the Maryland Court of Appeals, requested time-off for the purpose of tending to serious personal health issues. The request was denied and Coleman was informed he must resign from his position or risk termination. Coleman sued his employer, claiming that by denying him self-care leave the state court was in violation of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. His employer, the state, argued that the case should be dismissed based on the state’s ‘sovereign immunity’. Sovereign immunity is a legal provision that says a government agency cannot be sued unless they agree to be sued. After dismissal by the Federal District Court and the Fourth Circuit Court, the case was heard by the United States Supreme Court. On March 20, 2012 the Supreme Court ruled that a provision of the Family and Medical Leave Act giving workers time off to care for health related issues such as serious illness, pregnancy, or childbirth, is not enforceable in cases involving state employees (Migdal, 2012). The Court justified the ruling by stating that the lawsuits by state employees permitted under the FMLA would violate the constitutional rule that the states, as sovereigns, are immune from suits for damages. Basically, the Supreme Court ruled that state workers cannot sue the states under the Family and Medical Leave Act, essentially stripping public employees of the job protection otherwise provided by the act. The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 protects employees of organizations with more than 50 employees in the case of childbirth, adoption, their own medical care or the care of a family member. The law has several stipulations such requiring 1250 working hours in the prior 12 months, therefore, accurate recordkeeping and a process in place to determine FMLA eligibility and compliance is crucial. An example of a company HR policy regarding the Family and Medical leave Act of 1993 may read: â€Å"Employees employed for 12 months or more and who have worked at least 1250 hours in the previous 12 months, may take an unpaid Family and Illness Leave for up to 12-weeks per year. Employees are required to use all available paid time accrued for the leave period prior to unpaid leave.† â€Å"The amount of Family and Illness leave will be based on the amount taken in the 12 months preceding the request for leave, and in cases of serious health condition, require adequate medical certification.† â€Å"Family and Illness Leave may be taken intermittently, or for less than a full day. If the employee remains out on leave for more than 2 weeks, additional medical documentation may be required as allowed by law.† â€Å"An employee returning to work from Family and Illness Leave shall return to the position held at the beginning of the leave, or to an equivalent position with equivalent pay and benefits.† â€Å"Employees on a Family and Illness Leave will continue to have the Employer’s portion of the cost for health insurance paid by the Employer during the leave period. It is the responsibility of the employee to make on-time payments for their portion of those benefits while on leave.† Individuals 40 years of age and older are protected with employment by The Age Discrimination Employment Act. Applicants and employees alike have protection under the ADEA. â€Å"The law protects discriminating against an individual with respect to any term of employment, as it relates to age, compensation, benefits, job assignments, hiring, firing, layoff, job assignments, and training† (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2012). Employers who employ 20 or more employees must comply with the Act. A 70-year-old pharmacist employed by Kmart in Honolulu recently challenged The Age Discrimination Employment Act. The lawsuit charged by the EEOC recognized that Kmart unlawfully discriminated against the pharmacist, and a settlement was reached for $120,000. A Kmart store manager openly â€Å"stated that the pharmacist was too old, should retire and was greedy, for continuing to work at the age of 70† (Inside Counsel, 2012). The age discrimination act protects folks for age harassment. In this case the pharmacist was continually distraught with regard to remarks about her age and the hostile work environment that could have resulted. Employers tend to stereotype older workers as employees’ stuck in their ways, and who cannot adapt to new changes. Additionally, employers believe that training older workers is a cost and not a benefit. The Age Discrimination Act prohibits these scenarios from occurring with people over the age of 40. Regarding the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, certain occupations have an exception to the law if the organization can prove the necessity to enforce an earlier retirement or decrease of job responsibilities. An example of a company HR policy showing compliance with the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 may read something like this: â€Å"The Company complies with the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, and prohibits age discrimination in employment practices of individuals 18 years or older. This policy applies to but is not limited to issues involving hiring, discharge, compensation, terms, conditions, advancement, recruitment, promotion, demotion, transfer, layoff, training, or privileges of employment.† The Drug-Free Workplace Act â€Å"requires institutions that receive grants and certain contracts from any federal agency to certify that it will provide a drug-free work place† (Office Of General Counsel, 2012). The law was enacted in 1988 and it began with federal contracts of $25,000 or more but was later changed to $100,000 or more where it stands today. The court case that has caused the most controversy is Gary Ross v Ragingwire Telecommunications Inc. After California legalized medical marijuana Ross obtained a prescription for the drug and used it as directed. He was later fired by Ragingwire Telecommunications for failing a drug test as a result of the use of medical marijuana. â€Å"The court ruled that drug testing in the state was legal, that firing an employee for use of medical marijuana was not tantamount to discrimination and that employers are not obligated to accommodate the use of medical marijuana—even outside the workplace† (Schwartz, 2010). This ruling is important because while some states have legalized medical marijuana and protect individuals from criminal prosecution, it remains clear that a drug-free workplace is critical to the safety of the entire workforce. To avoid conflict an organization must establish the guidelines for drug testing and communicate the expectation clearly to employees. The human resources team may establish the process for drug testing and implement a plan to assist employees that test positive on drug screens, such as offering the employee rehabilitation (DeCenzo Robbins, 2007). An example of a company HR policy showing compliance with the Drug-Free Workplace Act may read something like this: â€Å"The possession, use, or sale of illegal drugs while on Company property is strictly prohibited. The misuse of any illegal drugs and/or alcohol while on Company time or during breaks or meals, is strictly prohibited. Any employee under the influence of alcohol or drugs that may impair judgment, performance, or the safety of the employee or others while on Company property, Company business, or during work hours, is subject to discipline up to and including termination. The Company conducts post-accident drug and alcohol testing of employees when an accident occurs during company time as allowed by law. The Company reserves the right to conduct random drug and/or alcohol testing at their discretion for performance or behavior issues. A positive result from any testing conducted may result in immediate termination, or unpaid leave to enter an approved rehabilitation program at the Company’s discretion. These conditions are by no means established as a right of the employee, and may be rescinded at any time without prior notice by the Company.† References Migdal, A. (2012). Blog of Rights. Retrieved from http://www.aclu.org/blog/womens-rights- reproductive-freedom/not-so-secret-war-moms-how-supreme-court-took-protections Swanton, Mary, Inside Counsel, EEOC Wins Settlements in Age Discrimination Cases Involving Senior Citizens, retrieved on December 1, 2012 from website, http://www.insidecounsel.com/2010/03/25/eeoc-wins-settlements-in-two-age-discrimination-cases-involving-senior-citizens U.S. Equal Employment Commission, retrieved on December 1, 2012, from website, http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/publications/age.cfm Schwartz, S. K. (2010). The Drug-Free Workplace v Medical Marijuana. Retrieved from http://www.cnbc.com/id/36179669/The_Drug_Free_Workplace_vs_Medical_Marijuana Office of General Counsel. (2012). Retrieved from http://counsel.cua.edu/copyright/index.cfm Sue Shellerbarger, â€Å"Work and Family,† The Wall Street Journal, August 22, 2001. Retrieved 11/29/2012. http://www.benefitslink/buying-time-off/policy/hr/whitman/press.org http://www2.cortland.edu/offices/hr/affirmative-action/policy-on-the-age-discriminatio n.htm http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/index.cfm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_(Equal_Opportunities)_Law,_1988

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Biography Of Charles Dickens :: essays research papers

Biography of Charles Dickens There is something about Charles Dickens' imaginative power that defies explanation in purely biographical terms. Nevertheless, his biography shows the source of that power and is the best place to begin to define it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second child of John and Elizabeth Dickens, Charles was born on February 7, 1812, near Portsmouth on England's south coast. At that time John Dickens was stationed in Portsmouth as a clerk in the Navy Pay Office. The family was of lower-middle-class origins, John having come from servants and Elizabeth from minor bureaucrats. Dickens' father was vivacious and generous but had an unfortunate tendency to live beyond his means. his mother was affectionate and rather inept in practical matters. Dickens later used his father as the basis for Mr. Micawber and portrayed is mother as Mrs. Nickleby in A Tale of Two Cities. After a transfer to London in 1814, the family moved to Chatham, near Rochester, three years later. Dickens was about five at the time, and for the next five years his life was pleasant. Taught to read by his mother, he devoured his fathers' small collection of classics, which included Shakespeare, Cervantes, Defoe, Smollet, Fielding, and Goldsmith. These left a permanent mark on his imagination; their effect on his art was quite important. dickens also went to some performances of Shakespeare and formed a lifelong attachment to the theater. He attended school during this period and showed himself to be a rather solitary, observant, good-natured child with some talent for comic routines, which his father encouraged. In retrospect Dickens looked upon these years as a kind of golden age. His first novel, The Pickwick Papers, is in part an attempt to recreate their idyllic nature: it rejoices in innocence and the youthful spirit, and its happiest scenes take place in that precise geographical area.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the light of the family's move back to London, where financial difficulties overtook the Dickens's, the time in Chatham must have seemed glorious indeed. The family moved into the shabby suburb of Camden Town, and Dickens was taken out of school and set to menial jobs about the household. In time, to help augment the family income, Dickens was given a job in a blacking factory among rough companions. At the time his father was imprisoned for debt, but was released three months later by a small legacy. Dickens related to his friend, John Forster, long afterward, that he felt a deep sense of abandonment at this time; the major themes of his novels can be traced to this period. His sympathy for the victimized, his fascination with prisons and money, the desire